Into Unscientific

Chapter 321: Playing Really Big (Part 1) (9.4K)

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In the activity room.

Seeing someone raise their hands to speak, Xu Yun smiled slightly, ready to ask the other party to express their opinions.

Regardless of whether the speech is right or wrong on this occasion, the attitude should be encouraged.

But after seeing the appearance of the members who raised their hands this time.

He was taken aback for a moment, the words he was going to say stopped at the corner of his mouth, and he subconsciously looked at Lao Tang from the corner of his eye.

The member was a well-proportioned young man with blond hair in a shawl, a straight nose, and good features.

Even in terms of oriental aesthetics, this person is handsome.

The other party's name, Xu Yun, was also clearly remembered. It was called Ralph Ashley.

However, Xu Yun was able to memorize this name, neither because the other party had any amazing achievements later, nor because the name had the same pronunciation as a young movie actor named Aishili in later generations.

It's because this person's 'identity' is too special.

Mentioned earlier.

There was only one direct reason why Frederick Agar Ellis would run against Lao Tang for the president of the Student Union:

Ellis's favorite roommate in the dormitory, someone who is the second most in the mathematics department all the year round, is pursuing Lao Tang, which leads to the endless situation between the two.

That's right.

That person is.

Ralph Ashley. (True, the reference is "Age of the Earth: Lord Kelvin's Model", author Joe D. Burchfield, Oxford Press, page 47 of the 93 edition has the original picture of the quoted letter, but Lao Tang has never run for president in history)

A love triangle between three men.

Of course.

Among the three, Lao Tang's orientation is normal. He later married a girl named Margaret, and he is an unlucky guy who was targeted by male ketones.

On Pluto Night three months ago, Ralph Ashley was naturally there to cheer.

And submitted an application for membership early.

In fact, at the beginning, Xu Yun didn't want to call Ralph Ashley into Gewu Club.

However, the other party contributed a lot in the preparation process of the calculation team before, including many follow-up matters, which were quickly resolved by relying on his contacts.

In addition, Xu Yun had chatted with this person several times, and felt that the other person did not show any strange attributes in normal times, so he discussed with Lao Tang to include him in Gewu Society.

These days Ralph Ashley's performance is still not bad, but when he speaks, Xu Yun will more or less reflexively think of Lao Tang

Then he took a deep breath and adjusted his emotions to normal.

Turning his head, he said to Ralph Ashley:

"Senior Ashley, what do you think?"

Ralph Ashley stood up when he heard the words, with a serious expression coupled with a handsome appearance, he couldn't tell that this was a Chen Yuanyuan type of 'disaster':

"Student Luo Feng, I do have some ideas that I'm not sure are correct, and I hope you can give me some advice."

"In my opinion, since we want to verify the speed of light in the direction of ether motion and the speed of light measured in the direction perpendicular to the motion, the first thing we need to determine is the choice of light source."

"This light source must not be too large, and at the same time, various properties must be known and controllable, so I recommend using a sodium light source."

Xu Yun nodded, expressing his affirmation.

In fact, in the experiment he designed or transported, the most suitable light source is a vacuum tube light source.

But at the moment Ralph Ashley doesn't know that Faraday has already tinkered with this thing, and it is very good to think of a sodium light source.

Students in future generations who often mix labs should know it.

Sodium light source is an experimental light source in optical basic instruments and measurements.

It has double lines with two wavelengths of 589.0 and 589.6, and the color is relatively bright.

at a low technical level.

Sodium light sources are the most readily available monochromatic light sources.

It is clear.

This handsome guy who doesn't know whether it is 0 or 1 has a good knowledge reserve in natural science.

So Xu Yun paused and asked again:

"Senior Ashley, besides the sodium light source, do you have anything else to add?"

Ralph Ashley smiled slightly, glanced at Lao Tang who was sitting beside him calmly, and said:

"The second point is"

"If the ether exists. I mean it exists, and the propagation of the speed of light in the ether obeys Galileo's velocity superposition principle."

"Then the instrument we designed must have two optical path directions in the experimental coordinate system."

This time, not only Xu Yun, but also other members in the audience nodded together.

Galilean velocity superposition, which is one of the central principles of classical physics.

Assuming the ether is at rest relative to the sun, then what moves is the instrument—and its speed is the earth's revolution speed.

That's all.

Ralph Ashley also frowned slightly, and he spread his hands neatly, and said to Xu Yun:

"Student Luo Feng, that's all I can think of. As for the other steps... I don't have a clue."

Seeing this, Xu Yun applauded and praised:

"It's okay, Senior Ashley, you've done a very, very good job."

Xu Yun's words were indeed not polite. If he could think of the first two points, Ralph Ashley's ability was already worthy of his second place in the mathematics department.

Then Xu Yun turned around and drew a small dot on the original position of the earth.

The English word for sodium is marked to indicate that this is a sodium light source.

Then draw an arrow from the light source, representing the light path, which is divided into two directions in a certain area.

Finish drawing these.

He put down the chalk again, looked at the audience, and asked:

"Students, besides the above two points, do you have any other ideas?"

"This is not a classroom, everyone can speak freely."

Hearing Xu Yun's words.

buzz buzz --

In the activity room with more than thirty people, there was a chattering discussion soon.

"I think it is possible to add a lens to the left optical path?"

".Isn't it appropriate, do you want to scatter?"

"How about adding a switch like a small door here?"

A few minutes passed.

Hubert Airy raised his hand. The son of the director of the Greenwich Observatory had an eager expression on his face, as if he had thought of a feasible method:

"Student Luo Feng, here!"

"Please tell me, Airi."

Hubert Airy stood up from the audience with a whoosh, and said quickly:

"Beam splitter, student Luo Feng, I think there must be a beam splitter!"

As he spoke, he straightened his left index finger horizontally, indicating the path of light.

The palm of the right hand was bent outward at forty-five degrees, signaling:

"You see, the light moves from left to right, because it is a point light source, there is no fork."

"So we can place a beam splitter on the right side of the light path to split the light path into two beams of light that are perpendicular to each other."

"In this way, two beams that meet the experimental requirements are formed!"

Hear about his designs.

Before Xu Yun could make a sound, another boy asked first:

"Then Airy, what happens after the light is divided? How do we observe or calculate the difference between the two beams of light?"

Hubert Airy was taken aback when he heard the words, opened his mouth, and couldn't help hemming and hawing:

"There should be some kind of phenomenon, right?"

The questioner did not let him go, but asked:

"Then what phenomenon are you talking about?"

Hubert Airy was silent.

I can see it.

This young man also raised his hand in a flash of thought. Although his train of thought was fine, he obviously only thought about the first half and was eager to show off.

But Hubert Airy had a good relationship with Xu Yun after all, and his father, George Biddle Airy, also helped crucially on Pluto Night.

So Xu Yun took the initiative to help Hubert Airy out of the siege:

"Ahem. Let me say a few words."

"Although Airy didn't put forward a complete idea, the idea of ​​the beam splitter is very good."

Then he picked up a pen and prepared to draw a diagram on the blackboard:

"Actually, we only need to add two reflectors at the end of the two branched light paths."

"Then place an observation screen on the other side of the vertical light path, and you can see it from above."

"Okay, I get it now!"

As a result, Xu Yun hadn't finished writing yet, a figure sprang up from his left hand, and said excitedly:

"It's interference, it's interference fringes! Am I right, Mr. Luo Feng?"

Although he couldn't see the face of the interrupter clearly, Xu Yun was so familiar with the voice that he couldn't be more familiar with it.

At the same time, looking at the more than 30 people in the classroom, there is only one person who can call him 'Mr. Luo Feng':

The protagonist of this dungeon is the future Fu Qingwuwei Xubo Taishang Cihuang Daojun, a classmate of Maimai.

Seeing that Mai Mai seemed to have an idea, and his posture was more confident than Hubert Airy, Xu Yun suddenly had another thought in his mind:

or

To what extent can wheat be considered?

After all, I realize that now, although Mai Mai has kicked history forward a few times by relying on several "ah Liai Liai", Xu Yun has never seen Mai Mai actually design a complete experiment.

This is indeed a pity for Xu Yun who likes to get achievement points when playing games.

Now that I have an opportunity, how can I let it go?

So he turned around, beckoned to Mai, and signaled him to come to the podium:

"Come, come, I'll give you the pen, and you write."

Mai Mai walked up to the stage, took the chalk, and confirmed to Xu Yun:

"Mr. Luo Feng, do you really want me to write?"

Xu Yun stepped aside and made a gesture of invitation:

"Start your show."

Seeing this, Maimai no longer hesitated, took a step in the middle, and began to write on the blackboard:

"As you can see, the light emitted by the point light source will be split into two beams after passing through the beam splitter."

"Well, for the convenience of description, let's call it beam 1 that travels horizontally to the right, and call it beam 2 that is refracted to the top of the blackboard."

"That's what I think."

"We can place a mirror at each end of the two light beams. In this way, just like how Mr. Luo Feng measured the speed of light back then, the two rays of light will reflect after hitting the mirror, and return to the beam splitter in the direction they came from."

"Then place another observation screen on the other side of the vertical light path. That is, under the blackboard."

"Then beam 1 will first be reflected by the mirror M1, and then projected to the observation screen through the beam splitter."

"Beam 2 is the same, reflected by mirror M2 and then projected to the observation screen through the beam splitter, forming interference with beam 1"

Wheat's thinking is obviously much more complete than that of Hubert Alley. From the beginning of writing, the chalk he held has never stopped.

Everyone in the audience, whether they are freshmen, seniors or third-year graduates, watched wheat's demonstration attentively.

Da da da--

The entire activity room was silent, only the sound of chalk touching the blackboard and wheat's explanation, and even Xu Yun stepped aside:

".Then we rotate the experimental instrument 90 degrees as a whole, and the time when beam 1 and beam 2 arrive at the observation screen is interchanged, which causes the already formed interference fringes to move."

"Continuous readings while the whole instrument is turning slowly, if our equipment is accurate, it should be easy to detect fringe movement."

".If the interference fringes move, the moving distance of the fringes can be measured from the experiment, and the velocity of the earth's motion relative to the ether can be calculated, thus confirming the existence of the ether."

mentioned earlier.

Except for Bruch, most of the members at the scene are lovers of natural science.

Although the purity and depth of knowledge they have mastered cannot be compared with that of their peers in later generations, they still have the basic scientific literacy.

Therefore, as Maimai's writing on the blackboard gradually filled the blackboard, there were stunned expressions on the faces of members of the audience.

Many people even took out their notes, recorded the plan, and calculated it with numerical values.

That's right.

Presumably some students who are not ashamed have already seen it.

Xu Yun guided the experiment designed by Gewushe this time, which is one of the two famous dark clouds in physics in the 20th century

The Michelson-Morley experiment!

This is a famous experiment conducted by Michelson and Morey at the Eagle in 1887. Its idea is actually very simple, which is what Xu Yun said before:

If there is ether, then when the earth passes through the ether and revolves around the sun, the speed of light measured in the direction where the earth moves through the ether should be greater than the speed of light measured in the direction perpendicular to the motion.

So,

Michelson and Morey came up with such an experimental device.

The instruments used in this experiment are not complicated. From the top view, they are divided into four modules:

The light source is located at the far left of the top view, and the light path is emitted from left to right - in actual operation, this direction should be consistent with the direction of the earth's revolution.

A beam splitter is placed on the right side of the light source.

As the name suggests, a beam splitter is a mirror that can split light, also called a beam splitter.

It is classified from the nature of the material as a kind of coated glass, which is coated with one or more layers of thin films on the surface of optical glass.

When a beam of light is projected onto the coated glass, the beam is split into two or more beams through reflection and refraction.

The spectroscope used in the Michelson-Morley experiment requires high precision. It can split the light into the beam 1 that continues to the right and the beam 2 that goes vertically upward—the same is the top view.

Then two more mirrors are placed at the ends of beam 1 and beam 2, and the light will return the same way after arriving.

said earlier.

When the earth is revolving, there will be an "ether wind" blowing head-on, and this speed is 30 kilometers per second.

Therefore, for the light beam 1 along the revolution direction, the propagation speeds to and from M1 are different.

Suppose the speed of the earth is v, and the distance from the beam splitter to the reflector is d.

Then the past and return speeds are c-v and c+v respectively, which is equivalent to headwind and SF Express.

The round-trip time between the two is:

d/(c-v)+d/(c+v).

But the light beam 2 is perpendicular to the rotation direction of the earth, so no matter whether it goes back or forth, it will encounter the ether wind.

Then the time is fixed:

2d/√(c-v).

In this way.

The optical path difference between beam 2 and beam 1 reaching the observation screen is:

c(d/(c-v)+d/(c+v)-2d/√(c-v)).

If there is an optical path difference, they will definitely produce interference fringes.

Then, as long as the experimental instrument is rotated by 90 degrees as a whole, the time when beam 1 and beam 2 reach the observation screen will be exchanged, so that the formed interference fringes will move.

The amount of this change is also easy to calculate. I learned physics in high school, and it is △l=2dv/c.

In this way.

The number of moving fringes is Δl/λ.

The length of the optical arm of the interferometer designed by Michelson at that time was 12 meters, and the final fringe that should move theoretically was 0.37.

As for the result.

Let's put it this way.

The purpose of Michelson Morley's experiment is to prove the existence of ether, and Michelson and Morley are also staunch supporters of ether theory.

In the history of physics, this experiment is also known as the small Poisson experiment.

Seeing the word Poisson, everyone must have guessed the final result.

That's right.

Let alone 0.37 for the stripes, it didn't move at all.

The experiment that was supposed to prove the ether, instead killed the ether.

Therefore, this experiment is one of the major nodes in the history of physics, and it is also another experiment that those minke who deny the theory of relativity must mention in later generations:

However, compared with the Fizeau flow experiment, which serves as the "theoretical fulcrum" of Minke, the Michelson-Morley experiment often acts as a buffoon in Minke's mouth.

Standard terminology generally looks like this:

[The reason why the Michelson-Morley experiment has zero results is because this experiment is completely wrong and it has no meaning].

This kind of treatment is a bit like Yuan Shu, the skeleton king in the Three Kingdoms. Basically, when mentioning this person, he can't do without a sentence.

But actually.

These things that people have questioned have been dissed by a lot of people in the history of physics.

For example, after the results of the Michelson-Morley experiment were announced, many people believed that the experiment was not conclusive.

For example, the famous Lorenz was still full of doubts about the negative results of the experiment.

In a paper published by Rayleigh in 1892, he believed that "whether the ether on the earth's surface is absolutely stationary or relatively stationary" is still an unresolved issue.

He found the negative result of the Michelson-Morley experiment "a real disappointment".

Oh, by the way, there is also Lao Tang who was targeted by male ketones at the scene today.

This Lord Kelvin did not believe this result, just like Liu Bei who learned of Guan Yu's death, shouting in his mouth, "Impossible, I am invincible in the world of ether".

At the Paris International Physics Conference in 1900, he even directly urged Morey and another physicist named Miller to redo the experiment, or they would sue them

During the period from the publication of the results of the Michelson-Morley experiment to the publication of the theory of relativity by the old love.

Scientists repeated the Michelson-Morley experiment an unknown number of times at different locations and at different times.

And the application of various means to verify the experimental results, the accuracy continues to improve.

However, the result remains the same.

The interference fringes seemed to be suppressed by the roots of my ears, and I was completely motionless.

After finding that the experimental results remained unchanged, the physicists began to look for the disadvantages of the experiment, but still to no avail.

It can be said like this.

Throughout the history of physics, you will not be able to find a few experiments that can be spent 20 years by the entire physics community to find bugs like the Michelson-Morley experiment.

in this case.

If later generations find fault with some unknown substance or from a microscopic perspective, it would be better to talk about it.

But those folk sciences directly deduce it from the words, such as why one-fifth of the light path is missing, and there is no relative origin, etc. These have actually been studied by the physics community many times. (Taking complaints about Douyin’s algorithm. I recently read a few Minke bloggers, and now the homepage is full of Minke. It really makes people feel high blood pressure.)

There is actually only one thing that Min Ke really said is right, that is, the constant speed of light proposed by Lao Ai is indeed only a hypothesis rather than a principle.

But the problem is that although this hypothesis has no real and conclusive experimental proof, it has not been defeated in the debate with other theories.

At least in Xu Yun's opinion.

After a hypothesis is generally accepted, when it is applied, it is actually no different from a principle.

On many occasions, picking out words is a very boring behavior.

Just like purified water and mineral water are two different concepts, but when you ask your friend to buy a bottle of mineral water, he bought a bottle of purified water, you tell him to buy the wrong water and try?

That being said, friends will leave you sooner or later.

The line of sight returns to reality.

Looking at the dense writing on the blackboard, Xu Yun glanced at Mai Mai with a silly smile on his face.

There was a feeling of emotion in my heart.

It is worthy of being able to derive Maxwell's equations, the mathematical sensitivity is too strong.

To know.

Although the equipment of the Michelson-Morley experiment is simple, it is not easy to figure out the link of the change of the interference fringes.

It can only be said that under the training of Xu Yun and Gao Si during this period of time, the growth rate of wheat has reached an extremely terrifying level.

Otherwise, based on Xu Yun's understanding of wheat.

At least in the original history, the wheat in this period should not be so pretentious - after all, he has only entered Cambridge for less than half a year, and he is just a youthful version of preposterous.

But on the other hand.

Mai Mai's writing on the blackboard also saved Xu Yun some work, and many processes were even simpler than Xu Yun expected.

So he took advantage of the situation and patted Mai Mai on the shoulder, signaling the tool man to return to his seat, and picked the peach himself.

Then he looked at the audience and said:

"Students, as you can see, Maxwell's demonstration is perfect-yes, this is the experimental plan I originally prepared."

"If there is anything to add, the spectroscope must be placed on a smooth marble slab, and the bottom is filled with mercury, so that the steering can be smoothly controlled."

"Other than that, even if Mr. Fat Fish is reborn, there is nothing to add."

There was a sudden silence under the stage.

After a few seconds.

clap clap -

There was a burst of warm applause suddenly in the event room, and many people even had a look of pride on their faces.

In this timeline, a fat descendant like Xu Yun can make such an evaluation, which is basically no less than the later generations Pele and Manadona said that a certain player has the appearance of a football king.

After the applause dies down.

Max Christian Friedrich Bruch, who watched the excitement and didn't think it was a big deal, raised his hand again, impatiently asking:

"Student Luo Feng, when can we start this experiment?"

Xu Yun smiled when he heard the words, and made a gesture of calmness to him, and said:

"Student Bruch, don't be too anxious. Although this experiment is simple, the equipment used is very demanding."

"For example, a convex lens used to disperse the light spot to form an interference pattern, a minimum length of 12 meters, an interferometer cantilever that can detect 0.01 times the wavelength change, etc."

"The above-mentioned equipment can be prepared within half a year, which is considered fast."

"Not to mention that debugging also takes a certain amount of time, so my initial experiment time is probably around October this year."

As Xu Yun said.

The reason why Michelson in history found Morey to cooperate is because the equipment needed for this experiment is really super class.

That Murray, whose full name is Edward Murray, is an expert in the construction of experimental equipment, and his skills are second to none at the end of the 19th century.

But even if Morey did it himself, it took them four full years to get all the instruments in place.

Now the copy is influenced by Xu Yun, and the industrial productivity of optical equipment is close to 1900, which is higher than that of Michelson's era.

At the same time, there is Avelyn, the ATM girl, who is spending money, so it shouldn't be difficult to complete the preparations within half a year.

Of course.

This set of instruments prepared by Xu Yun is aimed at those authorities, but a simple interferometer can be set up inside the Gewu Club for the members to try first.

Although the simple interferometer is easy to find some 'loopholes', it can more or less shake the confidence of these members in the 'ether' - otherwise, if you wait half a year, some internal links may encounter resistance.

So Xu Yun thought about it and added:

"Students, although it takes several months for a sophisticated large-scale interferometer, it is difficult to see the finished product in a while."

"However, if you are interested, the association can make a set of simple experimental equipment for you."

"This set of equipment may have some loopholes in theory, and the light arm is only about one meter. It can be done in about a week. I don't know if everyone is willing."

Before the last word 'meaning' was finished, the audience shouted:

"Of course I would!"

"I want it, I want it, it doesn't matter if it's shorter, anyway, the light path is the same thickness"

"It's all right!"

Three minutes later.

Xu Yun's proposals were all approved.

After all, for students these days, it would be great if the association could provide opportunities for experiments.

As for the concept of precision, at least until the experiment starts, they will definitely not care about it.

As for after the test?

Probably will pull up the trousers, say something ordinary.

After appeasing everyone's emotions.

Xu Yun looked around the audience for another week, and looked at Hubert Airy:

"Student Airi, I wonder if you still remember what I said to you earlier?"

Hubert Airy blinked:

"Ten points from Gryffindor?"

"."

Xu Yun glanced at this guy speechlessly, shook his head and said:

"When you mentioned the light attribute before, I told you - the second half of your sentence is actually wrong."

"The half sentence of yours includes another concept besides ether."

"That is to say, although light is suspected to have wave-particle duality, it will only show one property in a fixed situation."

"For example, Newton's bright spot, or the photoelectric effect."

Hearing what Xu Yun said, Hubert Airy also remembered it:

"Oh. I remembered, yes, you said that."

After speaking, he suddenly realized something, looked at Xu Yun in surprise, and said uncertainly:

"Student Luo Feng, could it be?"

"Besides interfering with the experiment, do you have other arrangements?"

Xu Yun nodded to him, a playful smile suddenly appeared on the corner of his mouth, and said to everyone in the audience:

"Students, how about your handicrafts?"