Into Unscientific

"Newton's coffin board?"

In the activity room.

Hearing the word that came out of Xu Yun's mouth.

Everyone in the audience couldn't help whispering to each other, and soon there was buzzing discussion again.

About half a minute later.

A tall, thin, buck-toothed boy raised his hand tentatively, with a somewhat cramped expression on his face, obviously not good at dealing with people:

"Student Luo Feng, my father is a mausoleum builder who works for the royal family, and has been in charge of making coffins for many members of the royal family."

"It is said that my great-great-great-grandfather used to chat and laugh with Queen Elizabeth I."

"So if necessary, my father...maybe be able to help."

Xu Yun raised his brows when he heard the words, he didn't expect to find someone to make coffin boards for the royal family?

Then he looked at the other party and asked politely:

"This classmate, I don't know how to call him?"

Boys with buck teeth subconsciously raised their waist pants:

"Exetine Wallace."

Xu Yun nodded to him, organized his words, drew a frame with his hands in the air, and said:

"In that case, student Wallace, I wonder if your father can polish a marble slab the size of Newton's coffin?"

"The thickness of this stone slab is about five centimeters, and the surface is finely ground to a flat surface, without any wrinkles on it."

Wallace's eyes flickered a few times, as if he was considering the feasibility, and then he touched his chin and said hesitantly:

"There is no problem with the workmanship. My father has been in the industry for many years, and his workmanship and style are well-known. The deceased has not had a bad comment so far."

"But student Luo Feng, you should know that the process of developing marble is not easy."

"If a stone slab of this specification and precision is to be manufactured, it will cost a lot"

Snapped--

Wallace just finished speaking.

A money bag fell in front of him, and Aveline's voice sounded at the same time:

"Mr. Wallace, there are ten two-pound coins in the purse, a total of twenty pounds."

"The money is counted as a deposit for the time being. If the finished product passes the customs, I will give you an extra thirty pounds. Is there any problem now?"

According to the exchange rate mentioned earlier.

Twenty pounds in 1850 was equivalent to more than fifteen thousand dollars in later generations. (Yesterday, my head was confused when I coded all night. One hundred thousand pounds should be around 80 million)

Even in 1850, when the industrial precision was relatively immature, the money was enough to make the royal craftsmen sell it in person.

Not to mention that there is still a final payment of 30 pounds after submitting the goods, which adds up to 50 pounds!

At the same time, if I give my father a discount and quote 10 pounds, I can get a 40 pound agency fee.

Therefore, Wallace was only slightly astonished, and quickly put away the money bag, patted his chest and said:

"No problem, classmate Luo Feng, senior sister Avelyn, don't worry, you will find my father after the meeting!"

Seeing this, Xu Yun subconsciously turned his head and exchanged glances with Aveline.

The little rich woman's expression remained unchanged, but the corners of her mouth turned up slightly, as if she was telling Xu Yun something:

You can work hard, and I will pay for it!

True cash withdrawal girl.

Then Xu Yun withdrew his gaze, pondered for a few seconds, and pulled out a blackboard from behind. Although there were no sophisticated instruments in this activity room, it was not difficult to equip the blackboard.

Then pick up the chalk.

Draw two spheres, one large and one small, on the blackboard, and mark the earth and the sun respectively:

"Students, let me ask you another question."

"Can any of you tell me what is the linear velocity of the earth's revolution around the sun?"

soon.

A chubby student raised his hand. It was not difficult to see from the badge on his chest that he was also a student of Trinity College:

"Student Luo Feng, it's about 30 kilometers per second."

Xu Yun nodded and snapped his fingers in satisfaction:

"bingo!"

Students who knew Kepler in their previous life should know.

The revolution speed of the earth was calculated as early as the Kepler period, and the specific value is about 29.8 kilometers per second.

Its calculation principle is very simple. To put it bluntly, it is the orbital length divided by the period.

The calculation formula of the orbit is L=2πα(1-0.25×e^2), which is the conversion calculation formula of the ellipse length.

In the formula, L is the length of the orbit, α is the semi-major axis of the orbit, and e is the eccentricity of the orbit.

There are more options for cycles.

It can be used as a reference object based on distant stars, or the point directly at the sun can be used as a mark.

Divide the two.

The linear velocity of the earth's revolution can be obtained.

The revolution linear velocity calculated in 1850 is almost the same as that calculated by later generations, and the average value is 29.783 kilometers per second.

The Earth rotates at a slower rate of 466 meters per second.

Of course.

Seeing this, some readers may have a question:

its not right.

That's all for a revolution.

But why the earth rotates so fast, but I don't feel it at all?

the reason is simple:

because of it.

too thin.

Students who have passed high school physics should know it.

a=ωR.

And ω is equal to 2π/T.

T here is one day, which is 24X3600 seconds.

If you take the earth's radius of 6375 kilometers into the calculation, the final self-steering acceleration is only 3.3cm/s.

How could it be possible to feel a number of this magnitude?

It's so thin, it has entered your body long ago, but you don't feel it.

In fact, it is not only the earth that is detailed, in front of the vast starry sky, you and I are both wuqian.

Very simple example:

well known.

The expansion of the entire universe is accelerating, which is the result of current measurements.

The Hubble constant value is 67.80+0.77/Mpc.

What does this number mean?

It means that the galaxies in the universe move at a speed of 67.8 kilometers per second at a distance of 3.26 million light-years, with a deviation of 0.77 kilometers.

67.8 kilometers per second, which is much faster than the linear speed of the earth's revolution.

And the reason why we can't feel it visually, the "3.26 million light-years" before the above sentence explains the reason:

The distances between galaxies are too great.

Even at the shortest distance, light takes 3.26 million years to travel.

This distance is so far that despite the expansion of the universe, the celestial bodies visible to our naked eyes still seem to remain motionless.

At the same time, the sun is also revolving around the "galactic center" of the Milky Way.

According to the current observation records, the sun is located in the edge region of the "Orion spiral arm" of the Milky Way, and the distance from the center of the Milky Way is about 26,000 light-years.

Now the sun is moving in the direction of Cygnus, and its revolution speed is about 220 km/s. (A nasa open website is attached, which simulates the movement of the sun every day, although basically no signs of movement can be seen with the naked eye, the website is plus 3W)

The time it takes for the sun to orbit the Milky Way is about 195,043,948 hours, or about 222.5 million years.

Since the sun was born about 4.6 billion years ago.

So it can be said that:

The sun has circled the Milky Way 20 times since its birth, and is currently making its 21st circle.

Alright, back to reality.

After the little fat man reported the answer.

Xu Yun drew an arrow on the blackboard along the direction of the earth's rotation, marked it with the word '30km/s', and said to everyone:

"This student answered very correctly, so let's go back to our original intention, which is ether."

"According to Descartes' concept, all celestial bodies are now rotating and revolving in the ether vortex with overlapping rings, and the ether is absolutely still."

"Then if this is the case, when the earth is moving around the sun at a speed of 30 kilometers per second, it must encounter the "ether wind" of 30 kilometers per second blowing head-on."

"At the same time, it must also have an effect on the propagation of light, that is, change the speed of light, am I right?"

This time no one raised their hand to give an answer, but most of them nodded.

Just like in the 1990s, qigong and supernatural powers were divided into many 'schools'.

The scientific circles these days are also divided into three different views on the relationship between the moving medium and the ether.

The first is that the medium drags the ether completely.

It was proposed by none other than Xu Yun and Mai Mai's cheap mentor

Stokes.

It was proposed in 1845, when Stokes was only 26 years old and had just graduated.

The second is that the medium does not drag ether at all.

The proponent of this point of view is quite coquettish:

His name is Kevin Husky - this is a real person, written in English as Husky, without any transliteration processing.

The third is that the medium partially drags the ether.

That is, Fresnel's partial traction hypothesis, which was proposed in 1818, is quite famous.

It is easy to understand whether to drag the ether completely or not to drag the ether at all, which means literally.

The former thinks that the movement of the moving medium in the ether is like a bulldozer pushing the earth, and it will push away all the ether when it "advances".

The latter thinks that it has no effect on ether at all, just like gauze moving in water.

In fact.

In 1850, it was actually the third, Fresnel's partial traction hypothesis, that had the greatest impact.

That is to say, it is considered that the moving medium is moving in the ether, and it neither pulls out all the ether, nor packs and drags all the ether away, but only drags a part of it away.

How much tow?

Fresnel thought it was related to the refractive index of the medium.

The greater the index of refraction, the more ether is dragged.

The specific drag coefficient is 1-1/n - n being the refractive index of the medium.

For example, the refractive index of air is about 1, then the drag coefficient of air is 1-1/1=0.

That is to say, the air does not drag the ether.

The refractive index of water is about 1.33, so the drag coefficient of water is about 1-1/1.33≈0.43.

That is.

If the water moves relative to the ether with the velocity v, it will drag the ether to move at a velocity of 0.43v.

This statement is not difficult to understand, but it has spawned an unknown number of demons and ghosts in later generations. (It is strongly recommended to put an eye here, the following paragraph can be said to be the source of various theories put forward by 90% of physics and civil science in later generations)

Because after Fresnel proposed this theory, Fizeau, the genius who measured the speed of light, came up with a running water experiment.

The core of Fizeau's flowing water experiment is simple:

It is to let one beam of light move along the water, and the other beam of light move against the water, and the two directions are opposite.

Then through the interference pattern, they measure the time difference caused by their different speeds.

But instead of using two beams of light, Fresnel achieved his goal by using a curved water pipe.

Why is there a time difference?

Said above.

According to Fresnel's partial traction hypothesis, when the water flow is moving, it will drag the ether to move at a speed of 0.43v.

And if the ether is moving, then of course the speed of light will also change accordingly.

The speed of light in vacuum is c, and the speed in water is c/n.

It's not hard to imagine.

If light moves against the flow of water, then the speed observed on the ground is the speed c/n of light in water minus the speed ku of the dragged ether.

That is (c/n)-ku.

the same way.

The speed of light moving along the water should be the speed c/n of light in water, plus the speed ku of ether being dragged.

That is (c/n)+ku.

in this case.

When the two light waves meet again, certain interference fringes will be formed.

If the flowing water is reversed.

That is to say, if the water outlet becomes the water inlet, and the water inlet becomes the water outlet, the movement time of the two beams of light will change.

So then.

The interference fringes they form will also change, as the fringes will move a little bit.

To Fizeau's surprise, the end result was the same.

That is to say, Fresnel's theory can explain Fizeau's flowing water experiment very well, and they confirm each other.

Here comes the main event.

Therefore, some folk sciences of later generations often use this to "violently beat" the theory of relativity and old love.

Any article or let’s call it a paper that claims to overthrow the theory of relativity, ether exists, prove that the speed of light is variable, and superluminal speed can be superimposed, they must mention one sentence:

"Fizeau's flowing water experiment proved that the theory of relativity is wrong, so aba aba aba."

Almost all of the civil sciences - except for the wonderful work of drawing a Taiji diagram and saying that the perpetual motion machine was created, at least 90% of the other so-called theories are derived from Fizeau's flowing water experiment.

Just like Li Shimin mentioning the change of Xuanwu Gate, Fizeau's running water experiment is almost becoming a civil science verification code

It turned out to be the funniest.

Some folk science is for black and old love.

Even "Before 1905, Einstein probably didn't understand Fizeau's experiment, or didn't realize that this experiment proved that the speed of light was variable. If he had understood Fizeau's experiment, he would not have proposed the theory of relativity based on the constant speed of light." Can say it.

But actually.

When Lao Ai talked with Professor Shankland in 1950, he mentioned two experiments that had the greatest influence on his creation of special relativity.

The first is the aberration experiment.

The principle of aberration is very simple. Everyone has this experience when it rains:

In windless conditions.

If you stand still in the rain, you will feel the raindrops falling from directly above your head.

But if you run forward, you will feel that the raindrops are falling on you obliquely from the front.

This is actually a kind of "rain travel difference".

The scene that the earth is moving around the sun at a speed of about 30km/s is similar to the feeling that the raindrops are tilted when running in the rain.

The observer will also feel that the light emitted by the star is also tilted at a certain angle, which is aberration.

This principle finally allowed Bradley to apply it to the calculation of the speed of light, which is the misunderstood astronomer mentioned in the previous measurement of the speed of light.

Another experiment that had the greatest impact on Lao Ai was Fizeau's running water experiment.

Therefore, the so-called Lao Ai's remarks about Fizeau's experiment were wrong from the very beginning.

So what is the truth?

In the words of a Shinigami elementary school student, there is only one truth:

Lao Ai not only understands Fizeau's experiment, but also explained Fizeau's flowing water experiment without adding ether.

And it is more perfect than Fresnel's theoretical explanation.

The idea he adopted was the Lorentz transformation, starting from the speed superposition of the flowing water system and the ground system.

Coupled with some calculation processes that few students can understand, the first-order approximation of the velocity transformation of special relativity was finally obtained, which perfectly explained Fizeau's flowing water experiment.

In the eyes of special relativity.

The Fizeau flowing water experiment is not because the ether is partially dragged, but the natural result of the velocity superposition in the Lorentz transformation.

This part of the content was written by Lao Ai in "On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies", which is the article that published the special theory of relativity.

I have never read such an old love's masterpiece of the gods, but in the end I swear to deny the old love's theory of relativity, don't you think it's outrageous?

Xu Yun also encountered a similar situation in his previous life.

At that time, a video producer Xu Yun was familiar with pushed his book, and someone left a message below:

"What's so good about a novel that copied Baidu."

be honest.

Xu Yun almost couldn't hold back his laughter at that time

In theory, any reader who has read a few chapters of that book would not say that kind of thing—Xu Yun doesn't even know how many times he has dissed Baidu.

Saying that he copied HowNet is pretty good, cough cough

It doesn’t matter if you deny a certain work or theory, but it’s not too much to look at the content anyway, right?

In addition, compared with the theory of relativity, Fresnel's theory is actually the one with mistakes and omissions.

for example.

Just as classical physics is applicable to the macroscopic low-speed world, Fresnel's theory is only applicable when the speed of flowing water is much smaller than the speed of light.

When the speed is close to the speed of light, when u/c can no longer be ignored, using the partial drag hypothesis will lead to wrong conclusions.

And the result of special relativity is still correct.

That is, what Fresnel's theory can explain, relativity can explain.

What it cannot explain, the theory of relativity can explain.

This is what a better theory should look like.

Indeed.

Whether it is general or special relativity, there are indeed some places that are difficult to explain.

Or the theoretical point of harm.

For example, if the grand unified theory emerges, the theory of relativity will, like classical physics, be reduced to an approximate and specific solution in a certain situation.

It can even be said that.

If human beings are not extinct five hundred years later, 99% of the theory of relativity will be replaced by a new theory.

But that is five hundred years from now, not now.

Each period has the theoretical support of each period. Now humans can't even go to Mars, so they are going to prepare for a different theoretical tool?

Isn't this funny?

Vision and reality are two different things.

For now, the theory of relativity is still the best solution for the moment.

The reason why the scientific community today chooses the theory of relativity is not because the theory of relativity is the truth, it is an absolutely correct and indisputable golden rule.

It is because the theory of relativity is the theory with the highest accuracy and the widest application range among our current theories describing the universe, which is also very well consistent with various observable experiments, and the theory is also very self-consistent.

For example, the current QED has been confirmed to the seventh decimal place, and Guangxiang has even been applied to GPS.

It's a pity that some civil sciences don't care about these at all.

They treat science as theology and immerse themselves in their own world.

Use the intuition that everyone can understand to oppose the science that most people don't understand.

How sad.

alright.

The line of sight returns to reality.

Looking at the many puzzled students in the audience, Xu Yun snapped his fingers again:

"Students, everyone should know that we have measured the speed of light to an extremely precise value range a few months ago."

"So if this is the case, can we set up an experiment to verify the conjecture that the speed of ether and light is variable?"

After speaking, he picked up the chalk again, drew an arrow shooting from the sun to the earth on the blackboard, and continued:

"Everyone, look at it."

"If there is an ether, then when the earth passes through the ether and revolves around the sun, the speed of light measured in the direction in which the earth moves through the ether should be greater than the speed of light measured in the direction perpendicular to the motion."

"Is that okay?"

There was an affirmative reply from the audience Qiqi:

"no problem."

Seeing this, Xu Yun looked around and smiled slightly:

"Then that's the case."

"Can we use some means to prove this by comparing specific values?"

Then he opened another page, ready to draw a schematic diagram.

But when the pen is about to be written.

He suddenly clicked his tongue, stopped, turned around and looked at the audience:

"Students, the slogan of our Gewu Club is called gewuzhizhi, which emphasizes exploring the world through practice."

"So one of our goals is to train everyone's hands-on ability."

"So I have an idea."

"Everyone can stop thinking about the existence or non-existence of ether, but start from the experimental point of view and discuss together. If you want to achieve the goal I mentioned, how should this experiment be designed?"

After speaking, he put down the chalk and stopped talking.

In fact, according to Xu Yun's original idea.

In the next blackboard.

He will fully demonstrate his experimental plan and let everyone try the experiment.

But a few seconds ago, he temporarily changed his mind.

After all, if nothing unexpected

This should be the last experiment I will complete in the dungeon.

In terms of emotion and reason, we should leave a little more "legacy" to this era.

Follow the normal trajectory.

The first comprehensive laboratory in the history of modern science would not be founded by wheat until 1871.

Before that, the scientific community didn't have much of a concept of guiding students to do experiments.

This is obviously an incorrect approach.

And in a sense, the impact of this cognition is worse than some wrong theories.

So hesitate again and again.

Xu Yun still decided to create a precedent and guide the members of Gewu Society to complete this experimental design.

As soon as these words were spoken, there was silence in the audience.

It is clear.

Xu Yun's approach somewhat exceeded everyone's expectations.

But soon.

After everyone came back to their senses, there was a gleam in everyone's eyes.

Restlessness and eagerness to try.

After all, the reason why these members joined Gewu Club was largely influenced by the atmosphere of Pluto Night.

They also hope that one day they will be able to solve the mysteries of the universe by themselves like the members of the math group.

Therefore, rather than receiving complete knowledge, they expect to be able to participate in it personally.

So after Xu Yun said to brainstorm, the atmosphere on the scene suddenly became active.

A few seconds passed.

The first member raised his hand:

"Student Luo Feng, I have some ideas."