The Science Fiction World of Xueba

"Master, good morning, I haven't seen you for a long time, and you are finally free to come to school!"

In the morning, as soon as Pang Xuelin came to the office, Ai Ai rushed in bouncing around.

Pang Xuelin smiled and said, "What's the matter, has Goldbach conjectured any progress?"

When it comes to brother guessing, Ai Ai deflated like a leaking ball.

"Master, where is this going? I'm not you, Master. This kind of century-old problem can be proved without saying a proof."

Pang Xuelin rolled his eyes and said, "Then what can I do for you?"

Ai Ai said with a smile: "Master, you see, it has been a year since several of us have been studying with you for a Ph. We can only contact you by email. We also know that you are busy with work and have many things to do, so you can't allocate too much time to us. So I discussed with Sophie, Harke, and Meng Yao. This weekend we will Let’s go to Qiandao Lake for a walk. Anyway, Qiandao Lake is close to Jiangcheng, and it’s very convenient to drive here and there for a few hours. At that time, we will rent a homestay by the lake, where we can fish, barbecue, and go boating on the lake. What do you think? Sample?"

After finishing speaking, Ai Ai stared at Pang Xuelin with big bright eyes without blinking.

Pang Xuelin was slightly taken aback, and said with a smile: "Okay, I happen to be free this weekend, so let's go to Qiandao Lake!"

"Long live the master!"

Ai Ai froze for a moment, then jumped up all of a sudden.

She originally thought that Pang Xuelin would refuse, so she pretended to be pitiful and wanted to win sympathy, but she didn't expect Pang Xuelin to agree immediately.

Pang Xuelin smiled and said, "Okay, how old are you? By the way, do you have anything else to do?"

"It's all right! Master, let's make an agreement and leave on Friday afternoon!"

"good!"

Pang Xuelin nodded in response.

Ai Ai bounced and ran out of Pang Xuelin's office, Pang Xuelin smiled and shook his head.

The reason why he agreed without hesitation was that on the one hand, he felt that Ai Ai was indeed right. Since his students were studying under him for a Ph. D., he really didn't pay attention to dealing with them.

on the other hand,

Pang Xuelin also thought of the teams under him.

Whether it is the Pang Xuelin Mathematics Research Center led by Mochizuki Shinichi and Perelman, the Carbon-based Semiconductor Functional Materials Research Center led by Xu Xingguo, or the Carbon Nanomaterials Research Center led by Li Changqing, the biomedical research center that Shi Yi and the others are working on , and the lithium-air battery research center led by Kirton Walker, it seems that they rarely have holidays.

Pang Xuelin at the Mathematics Center didn't know. For several other institutions, let alone weekends, it's rare to commute to and from get off work on weekdays. The work intensity can be called 007.

Of course, while working hard, the salary is also top-notch.

Ordinary doctoral students follow the team to do projects, and have a subsidy of 300,000 to 400,000 yuan a year, and the salary of a doctoral supervisor alone is 10,000 to 20,000 yuan, and bonuses are not included.

Of course, for the researchers in the laboratory, Qiantang Laboratory is more attractive to them because of the purity of scientific research and the possible breakthrough results.

It is precisely because of this that Qiantang Laboratory has become famous all over the world and become one of the top national laboratories in the world within less than a year of its establishment.

But Pang Xuelin also gradually realized that this kind of work intensity is not necessarily a good thing in the long run.

Appropriate work and rest is still necessary.

After pondering for a moment, Pang Xuelin picked up the phone on the table and dialed Liu Tingbo directly.

"Dean Liu, are you at school? Can you come to my office?"

Liu Tingbo came over soon, Pang Xuelin and Liu Tingbo shared their thoughts, Liu Tingbo immediately smiled and said: "Professor Pang, if you don't talk about this, I will arrange it here, just a new Ponzi geometry seminar The class will start soon, I will make arrangements for everyone to go on a trip, just to let the scholars get to know each other."

Pang Xuelin smiled and said: "Okay, then you can arrange it. By the way, call Perelman and Mochizuki Shinichi. Once these two people study, there will be no end to it. This time, no matter what Gotta pull them out."

Liu Tingbo smiled bitterly and said, "Professor Pang, if I'm sure about other people, you will have to go and invite these two great gods yourself."

Pang Xuelin was slightly taken aback, and said with a wry smile: "Okay, I'll tell them when the time comes. By the way, how are Schultz and Tao Zhexuan doing here, are they still getting used to it?"

Speaking of Schultz and Tao Zhexuan, Liu Tingbo suddenly smiled.

"Adapted, adapted very well. Professor Tao and Professor Schultz also volunteered to be the teachers of our Department of Mathematics. They each give a class to undergraduates every week. Now every time the students who come to attend a class can take the big classroom It's crowded, and there are students from other majors coming to take classes!"

As the dean of the School of Mathematical Sciences of Jiang University, Liu Tingbo naturally takes the teaching quality of the Department of Mathematics into consideration.

When Pang Xuelin brought Mochizuki Shinichi and Perelman over, Liu Tingbo still expected them to lead the students.

Who would have thought that these two guys would be busy with their own research except for showing their faces in the Ponzi geometry seminar occasionally, which made Liu Tingbo a little helpless, but at the same time, he couldn't say anything more.

After all, the status of these two gods is too high, especially Perelman, after collaborating with Pang Xuelin to prove Hodge's conjecture, his status in the mathematics world is not much worse than that of Andrew Wiles and Pierre Deligne. However, Liu Tingbo couldn't ask them to help guide the students.

On the contrary, after Terence Tao and Peter Schultz came over, Jiang Da Mathematics College suddenly became lively.

Not only did they take the initiative to ask for graduate students, they even decided to teach undergraduates.

In this way, those students who couldn't grab Pang Xuelin's courses quickly focused on these two Philippine award bosses.

With the joining of these two bigwigs, and the fact that the quality of Jiangda's students has increased over the past two years, Liu Tingbo has already discovered several outstanding youngsters who are expected to achieve success in the field of mathematics.

If these people grow up again, even if Pang Xuelin leaves Jiangda, the position of Jiangda Department of Mathematics in the global mathematics community will be stable.

It was almost noon when Pang Xuelin and Liu Tingbo finished talking about arranging vacations for the scholars and teachers of the Department of Mathematics.

After the two had dinner in the school cafeteria, Pang Xuelin went directly to the Qiantang Laboratory, found Li Changqing, Cao Yuan, Shi Yi, Kirton Walker, Xu Xingguo, and said that he was going to arrange a vacation for everyone.

Li Changqing, Cao Yuan, and Cotton Walker didn't matter.

After the superconducting 128 material is prepared in the laboratory, the difficulty of industrial preparation is not as high as they imagined.

After all, with the experience of industrial production of flying blade materials, the industrial production of superconducting 128 is essentially no different from that of flying blade materials.

The two of them just need to follow the gourd painting.

Kirton Walker is now even more famous. In the Electrochemical Research Center, his work is more focused on how to improve lithium-air batteries and adapt them to various environments.

Therefore, his work is much easier and less stressful.

On the contrary, Xu Xingguo and Shi Yi showed embarrassment.

Xu Xingguo said: "Professor Pang, can you postpone the vacation schedule of our Carbon-based Semiconductor Materials Research Institute? It's best to arrange it until the end of the year...or early next year. Our current research node is more critical, and everyone's status is very good. Well, I don't want to interrupt this state of research."

Pang Xuelin was slightly taken aback, and said: "Professor Xu, I'm worried that everyone is working too hard. I asked someone to do a special survey before, and the result was shocking. The researchers in our Qiantang Laboratory spend more than 100 hours in the laboratory every day on average. Fourteen hours, even on weekends, the body will not be able to bear it."

Xu Xingguo couldn't help laughing, and said: "Professor Pang, don't worry, everyone is holding back their energy. Last year we fought a trade war with Lao Mei. In order to get lithium-air batteries, Lao Mei even threatened our semiconductor industry. Carry out a comprehensive blockade and cut off supply. Although in the end, after negotiations between the two parties, we agreed to build a lithium-air battery factory in the United States, Laomei also lifted the blockade of our technology as it wished, allowing us to buy the latest equipment. But we have always Remember, as long as we open up the field of carbon-based chips, there will not be many places where the United States can check and balance us in the future. Now we have been able to complete the preparation of high-level carbon-based chips at the laboratory level. Our team cooperates with Huawei Hisilicon , is taking the time to commercialize the development of carbon-based chips. Once successful, it will be enough to change the pattern of the global semiconductor industry. By then, the competition pattern between China and the United States will be completely different. We cannot slack off in the slightest now."

Pang Xuelin couldn't help crying and laughing, turned his gaze to Shi Yi and said, "Professor Shi, what about you?"

Shi Yi smiled slightly and said, "Professor Pang, I'm afraid we won't be able to leave for a while, and even if you drive everyone out of the laboratory, no one will want to leave. Now the whole laboratory is going crazy... ..."

Pang Xuelin's eyes lit up: "Have you developed the dynamic APT technology?"

Shi Yi smiled slightly, nodded and said: "The test is going on now. The two guys, Anderson White and Yang Heping, have been in the laboratory for a week and are unwilling to come out. And those members who participated in this project are all eager Sleeping in the lab every day."

Pang Xuelin said with a smile: "Alright, I'll go to your laboratory later. If there is nothing else, everyone should leave. Professor Xu, if you have any difficulties, remember to communicate with me at any time."

Xu Xingguo smiled and said, "Okay, then I'll go back first."

Compared with other project teams in Qiantang Lab, Xu Xingguo's carbon-based chip project team is more commercialized. Once successful, it will have a greater influence on the industry.

But relative to the scientific community, the influence may not be that great.

After all, the various theories and concepts of carbon-based chips are not new, and it is difficult to win the Nobel Prize.

On the contrary, the dynamic APT project led by Shi Yi has a greater influence.

Observing the microscopic material world has always been a dream of people, not only driven by curiosity, but also because the microscopic structure is often closely related to certain properties or functions of matter.

For example, a bicycle is only composed of metal and rubber, but when the metal and rubber are processed into a certain shape and assembled, it has the function of a vehicle.

Microscopic substances or various molecular machines also follow similar laws, except that their basic materials are microscopic atoms. The structure formed by the arrangement of atoms according to certain rules forms the basis of various functions.

Conversely, once the structure of matter is understood, it is possible for people to understand the mechanism of microscopic matter to achieve a certain function, and then achieve the desired function by influencing, modifying or even designing a new structure.

Many inventions or discoveries of functional materials are based on such methods.

Driven by this need, people continue to invent various means to observe the structure of matter.

In the 17th century, the optical microscope invented by Levin Hooke already allowed people to magnify objects dozens or even hundreds of times to observe tiny cells.

With the development of optical technology, optical microscopy technology has been able to help people observe the microscopic texture of materials or organelles in cells on the micron scale.

However, such magnification is still far from reaching the atomic level, and it is not enough to explain the more essential relationship between structure and function, because most of the more essential factors are hidden in the finer atomic structure.

For organisms, the most important and core functional unit is protein. The functions of organisms and various life activities are basically realized through proteins.

Each protein is a long string of amino acid single-molecule chains, which are composed of 20 kinds of amino acids arranged in different orders.

Further folding of this single-molecule chain in three-dimensional space forms different protein structures.

Proteins in organisms are like molecular machines, most of which have specific structures to achieve functions such as catalysis, movement or signal transduction.

The three-dimensional structure of these proteins is usually very complex, often changes with changes in the surrounding environment, and is often precisely regulated by other protein molecular machines or various small molecules.

For example, the secretion system on the surface of cholera bacteria is usually composed of more than a dozen proteins, which form a pore on the inner and outer membranes of the bacteria, and selectively secrete cholera toxin out of the cell to attack the host cell.

Such a large protein machine is composed of more than a dozen different protein molecules, including hundreds of thousands of atoms. Changes in a few atoms or an amino acid (mutation) may cause structural changes in the entire protein complex. And then cause its function to change or even lose its activity.

This shows the sophistication of this molecular machine.

However, how to see these tightly packed atoms has always been a challenge for microscopy.

The size of an atom is on the order of one-tenth of a nanometer, measured in angstroms.

The effective magnification or resolution of ordinary optical microscopes is limited by the diffraction limit of visible light waves, and can only reach a few tenths of a micron at most.

To increase the resolution, the wavelength must be shortened to a scale comparable to the size of an atom.

Visible light can't do it, so we can only look for light waves with shorter wavelengths.

X-rays have the right wavelength, but it is difficult to find a lens that can refract them and make an image.

Therefore, people have to use indirect crystallographic diffraction methods to detect the atomic structure of matter with X-rays.

But the diffraction method is limited to molecules that can form crystals.

For proteins or biomacromolecules, although a small part of them can be crystallized under special conditions and meet the requirements of X-ray diffraction methods, most of the larger molecules (such as molecules with a molecular weight greater than 100kDa) are often difficult or impossible to form crystals.

Moreover, the crystallization process will completely separate the biological macromolecules from the physiological state, and cannot reflect their true state in the living body. For larger complex structures such as cells or organelles, crystallization is even less feasible.

In order to find a wave with a shorter wavelength and easy manipulation, people thought of electrons.

In the 1930s, the French physicist de Broglie proposed the wave-particle duality theory of matter, arguing that when elementary particles are accelerated to close to the speed of light, their statistical behavior of particles presents fluctuations.

As the most easily obtained and manipulated elementary particles, electrons can be used as "light waves" for microscopic imaging after being accelerated by an electric field to approach the speed of light.

And precisely designed magnetic fields with specific shapes can be used as convex lenses.

With the development of electron light source and electromagnetic lens technology, people have been able to use electron microscope to observe the atomic structure of metal or inorganic crystal with close to atomic resolution in the following ten or twenty years.

However, when people first used an electron microscope to observe biological samples (cotton fibers), they found that biological samples were quickly destroyed under the bombardment of high-energy electron beams, let alone observing the fine atomic structure .

At the same time, because of the strong interaction between electrons and matter, the optical path of the electron microscope must be in a high vacuum to ensure that the electron beam can travel a long enough distance for imaging without being absorbed by the air during the propagation.

The ensuing problem is the water content of biological samples.

Water evaporates quickly in a vacuum, and biological samples must always be kept in an aqueous environment and cannot be dehydrated. To ensure that the water does not evaporate in a vacuum, the sample needs to be frozen.

Once the water freezes, however, the ice crystals destroy biological samples.

So far, a series of problems of radiation damage and sample freezing have become the biggest obstacles to be overcome by biological electron microscopy.

These problems were not initially resolved until the 1980s, thus laying the foundation for cryo-electron microscopy.

The three Nobel Prize winners in 2017 were awarded precisely for solving these technical problems.

The reasons for the three award winners basically reflect several main development directions of cryo-electron microscopy technology. Professor Jacques Dubochet realized the preparation technology of frozen biological samples, Professor Joak laid the foundation for three-dimensional reconstruction computing technology, and Professor Riderson proved that atomic Availability of resolution.

However, cryo-electron microscopy also has many shortcomings, such as the accuracy of the 3D reconstruction algorithm.

Even if the cryo-electron microscope picture is successfully obtained, how to restore the two-dimensional structure to a fine three-dimensional structure is still a problem.

In addition, there are various problems such as signal resolution and image contrast. For example, the accuracy of three-dimensional reconstruction at atomic resolution obtained by small and medium-sized biomolecules with a molecular weight of several hundred kilodaltons is far inferior to that of large molecules.

The emergence of dynamic APT technology can be said to directly advance molecular biology and structural biology to the level of atomic biology.

Due to its dynamic recording effect, it can even record the movement of each atom in a biomacromolecule.

In this way, scientists are expected to thoroughly reveal the basic principles of life activities at the atomic level.

After the crowd dispersed, Pang Xuelin followed Shi Yi and the others to the Biomedical Research Center of Qiantang Laboratory.

Shi Yi introduced to Pang Xuelin the general situation of the development of dynamic APT equipment.

At present, the research and development of dynamic APT equipment has been completed, and various tests are currently underway.

Such as sample packaging, algorithm restoration, image analysis technology and so on.

The dynamic APT equipment is very large, and the overall structure is much rougher than what Pang Xuelin saw in the world of Resident Evil, but the basic functions are complete.

The arrival of Pang Xuelin caused quite a stir.

Yang Heping and Anderson White also warmly welcomed them and introduced this achievement to Pang Xuelin.

Including those ordinary researchers, when they looked at the device, they seemed to be looking at their own children.

Pang Xuelin seemed calm. This set of equipment was novel to others, but in his eyes, it was not as good as the dynamic APT equipment he used in the world of Resident Evil.

Of course, this world is enough to cause shocks in the biological world.

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