Rebirth of South America as King

Summary of the achievements of the development and construction of the Chaoyang-class iron armored battleship of the Han Dynasty Imperial Defense Forces Navy

The time is fast, and the ten-year construction plan of the navy has been completed in a blink of an eye. From 1880 to the end of 1890 after the end of the Argentine War, the construction of three main naval bases has been completed, assisting the fleet formation to manage 26 main warships and other small auxiliary warships. The personnel include 5,700 surface ship officers and soldiers, the Marine Corps expanded to 4,400, 800 frogman special operations forces, ground ship maintenance and defense forces, and other base personnel gradually increased to 8,500. The Navy is close to 20,000. Held a comprehensive exercise in cooperation with bases, ships, and marines every two years to improve the comprehensive combat capabilities of bases and ships.

During the period of 1868, captured from the Brazilian Navy's old flagship large-scale iron armored ship Chaoyang with a standard displacement of 6270 tons and two other medium-sized iron armored ships with a displacement of 3,500 tons purchased from the United Kingdom in 1869 and were unable to bear the combat mission due to the aging of the ship. In June of this year, he officially retired and transferred to the Navy's transport training ship. The overall operational level of the Navy and the coordinated operations of the navy and the army have achieved the expected results. The army and naval military technology and shipbuilding technology have also made great progress. In September 1886, it had a production capacity of 155mm 35 times and below land and sea guns. The German 14-inch (356mm) "brush kaufu" black-headed torpedo was also digested and absorbed and had production capacity in December 1886. It established a unified standard system for the long-term consideration of naval construction and development to improve management quality and logistical support efficiency. Uniform shape and named the Army and Navy weapons domestically made 1886. The Han Dynasty Imperial Defense Forces Navy has two main fleets and four sub-fleets, namely the Atlantic Fleet (including the Caribbean Fleet and the Congo Dispatch Fleet) and the Pacific Fleet (including the South Ocean Fleet and the South Pacific Fleet).

On the basis of summing up the experience and lessons of the development and construction of the Han Navy for 20 years, and drawing on the classification of warships in some western countries, Li Mingyuan issued the Order of the "National Regulations of the Han Empire Defense Force Naval Regulations" on December 28, 1888 and officially implemented it. The "Han Empire Empire Defense Forces Navy Surface Combat Ship Regulations" classifies surface ships into six ship classes: battleships, cruisers, light cruisers, gunboats, gunboats, and torpedo boats.

First-class main battleships with warships with a displacement of more than 8,000 tons are second-class main battleships in the range of 6,000 to 8,000 tons, and first-class main cruisers in the range of 4500 to 6,000 tons are in the range of 3,000 to 4500 tons. Within it are second-class main cruisers, third-class light cruisers in the range of 1,000 to 3,000 tons, artillery in the range of 1,000 to 500 tons, and the remaining small warships are gunboats and fish (rod) mineboats.

According to the class of warships classified by the displacement, the Navy ’s Imperial Defense Forces Navy has a total of 26 main warships built by the end of 1890. The two main warships were purchased from the German Volvo Shipyard in 1885 with a standard displacement of 8,500 tons. "Chaoyang" class armored battleship,

At the Hanking Xinjing Shipyard, four “Pioneer” class armored cruisers with a standard displacement of 3,500 tons, which have been in service since the end of 1887, were purchased from the French Mediterranean Iron Works shipyard at the end of 1878. The "victory" class iron armored cruiser was built and improved at the Han National Royal Shipyard. Six "Yangwu" light dome armoured cruisers with a standard displacement of 2400 tons have been in service since 1888. Beijing Shipyard has built twelve "Yongxing" light iron armored cruisers with a standard displacement of 1,350 tons since it began service in early 1879;

In addition, 16 ships with a standard displacement of 760 tons and a seawater class of 21 tons with a standard displacement of 200 tons were used in inland rivers, offshore patrols, and operations. "Wolf" class gunboats, 16 120-ton "sea shark" class torpedo boats that entered service in 1885, and more than 60 various types of marine survey ships, communication liaison ships, reconnaissance ships, mineboats, minesweepers, and steamboats Auxiliary ships including tugboats, small steamers, submersible ships, screw bridge ships, waterboats, coal carriers, dredgers, transport ships, supply ships, training ships, and more than 100 various advanced ships Compared with other countries in the world in the same period, both in terms of quantity and quality have begun to take shape and strength. It also tells the world that an important emerging marine combat force has begun to enter the stage of the magnificent era of sea power.

Xinjing Shipyard, Xinghe Shipyard and Royal Shipyard are located in Xinjing (Port Alegre, Brazil), Xinghe County (Joinvili, Brazil), and Wuzhong City (Montevideo, Uruguay). The two shipyards were originally introduced from Prussia. Shipbuilding equipment was established in early 1869. Both civil shipyards were located in Xinjing. In February 1872, the two shipyards were upgraded to military shipyards. One shipyard was relocated from Xinjing To Xinghe County, in April 1873, Xinjing Shipyard successfully built a gunboat with a displacement of 760 tons under the technical guidance of French shipmen such as Dalman. Xinghe Shipyard absorbed the Xinjing Shipyard three months later Experience also builds a gunboat.

The Royal Shipyard was established in the early 1879 by Li Mingyuan to instruct the navy to use shipmen dug from the Jiangnan Shipyard. On March 1, 1880, after the occupation of Wuzhou (Uruguay), the naval development and construction took a long-term consideration. Lang Ping can build, repair and maintain large warship dock bases and large naval complex bases. Wu Zhonggang (Port of Montevideo, Uruguay's capital) was officially established. The three shipyards share shipbuilding technology and collaborate on various naval military technology projects and Difficulties can be used to uniformly build warships of the same specification and standard level, and later will gradually assume the construction and maintenance tasks of larger and larger warships as the navy develops.

The two "Chaoyang" class armored battleships of the Han Dynasty Imperial Defense Forces were improved from the Beiyang Division's two Dingyuan class armored ships (standard displacement 7335 tons and full-load displacement 7670 tons), and were built at the Vulcan shipyard in Stinging, Germany On March 25, 1882, Han and Germany signed an official ship purchase contract in Berlin. On October 1, 1882, local ship mechanics and naval officers and soldiers dispatched by Han arrived in Germany. On October 10, 1882, both ships started construction at the same time. Launched on December 1, 1883, completed on June 9, 1885, and delivered at the shipyard on July 1, 1885. The two ships arrived in Han on August 1, 1885, and joined the Navy ’s Atlantic fleet Official service (Chaoyang serves as the Navy's new flagship, and Liming serves as the flagship of the Atlantic Fleet).

The "Chaoyang" class ship is 104.5 meters long, 18.5 meters wide and 6.8 meters draught, with a standard displacement of 8,500 tons and a full-load displacement of 9,100 tons. In terms of power system, it is equipped with two compound horizontal and horizontal three-stage expansion reciprocating steam engines (horizontal compound reciprocating history books are usually transliterated as Kangbang machines) and eight round coal-fired boilers, which are propelled by two shafts and have a single propeller with a diameter of 5 meters. "Dawn," both ships measured the main engine power of 8300 horsepower, speed of 16 knots, endurance of 4500 nautical miles / 10 knots, equipped with a searchlight of 8,000 candlelights and 20,000 candlelights, each with 2 generators Provides 70 kilowatts of electricity.

The total armor weight is 1761 tons. The armor on the waterline is 14 inches (365mm) thick, the armor is 12 inches (305mm) below the waterline, the thickness of the 305 armor is 304mm, and the thickness of the shield is 15mm. The thickness is 2 inches and 50.8 millimeters), the commander's armor is 203mm thick, the normal coal capacity of the coal cabin is 750 tons, the maximum coal capacity is 1,050 tons, and 400-440 people are assigned. The deputy captain has the rank of colonel or lieutenant colonel.

The Chaoyang class adopted the advice of Colonel Kraugen, a German adviser to the Navy of the Imperial Defense Forces, when it was ordered. It improved on the basis of the Saxon-class hull and the Dingyuan-class main gun. Four main guns were installed on the ship in two. The center axis is symmetrically arranged in two double-mounted turrets (dome type, thickness 50.8mm) inside the open turret. The bottom of the double-mounted turret has a transmission device that can turn the artillery with the help of human and steam. (The main gun is the 1885 type 305mm 35-fold double-mounted breech naval gun newly developed by the German Krupp Company for the Navy of the Korean Imperial Defense Forces. It is hydraulically powered and has a length of 10675mm. It has 72 lines and 4364mm in length. The propellant burns. The length of the chamber chamber is 140mm, the weight of a single gun is 42.5 tons, the weight of the upper gun is 7.25 tons, the rate of fire is 3 minutes per round, and each round has 50 rounds of fire.) The front and rear main guns are equipped with a boiler and 2 vertical guns. In order to expand the firing range of the mobile attack of warships,

The main mast is located in the middle of the armored ship to separate the two sets of main guns to avoid mutual influence of the muzzle. The 4 main guns in the two double-mounted main turrets can be turned at the same time to fire in the 260 degree fire range. The installation of the artillery cover was because the fast-moving machine guns began to appear on the warships at that time. The machine guns installed in the mast discs were a high threat to the sailors operating in the open turrets that were completely open at the top. Han technical personnel It is proposed that the cannon in the exposed turret is mounted on a cannon cover similar to the ship's turntable and connected to the base of the artillery through several brackets. The cannon rotates with the artillery to protect the personnel inside, and in order to avoid the cannon cover All the weight is pressed on the turret, and a track is laid on top of the thick armored wall of the exposed turret. The hood frame with wheels at the bottom forms a rotating dome-shaped hood on the armored wall.

The ammunition available for the 1885 type 305mm 35-diameter main gun includes flowering rounds (grenades, blasting rounds) and solid rounds (condensing iron rounds, coaching rounds). Both are ammunition sub-packs, and flowering rounds (referred to the warhead only, the same below) weighs 292. Kilograms, 10 kilograms of charge inside the warhead, and the largest propellant package weighs 72 kilograms (the propellant package is cylindrical and is made by wrapping fire tablets in a silk bag with weights on the outside. You can choose different weights of medicine according to the range The solid projectile weighs 325 kilograms and contains a small amount of charge in the warhead. The largest propellant package is also 72 kilograms. The initial velocity of the artillery is 580 meters per second and the effective range is 11100 meters. The secondary guns are located in the stern and the stern. 4 single-mounted Krupp 1880-type 210mm 35-fold guns (remove one 150mm secondary gun each of the Dingyuan-class ship's bow into two single 210mm secondary guns), two each in 4 single It is mounted on the turret and is open at the rear. The base is an open-type gun, with a length of 7330mm and a weight of 12.5 tons. The initial velocity of the gun is 579 meters per second. Re-entry aircraft, firing rate of 1 round per minute, effective range of 8300 meters, a total of 150 rounds;

Each side of the warship is equipped with eight single-mounted eight German Krupp 1880 150mm 35-fold breech steel hoop guns (converted in 1889 to eight Han-made 1886 155mm 35-fold breech guns with a length of 5425mm, The Lai Fu line is 4800mm long, with a barrel weight of 4.77 tons and a turret weight of 5.16 tons. The available ammunition includes flower and solid rounds, each weighing 51 kg, the largest propellant package weighs 17 kg, and an initial gun speed of 580 m / s, with an effective range of 11,000. Meters, these 8 artillery guns are divided into 8 shells on both sides and fired by human rotation), the exposed gun desktop mounts are located in the ears on the sides of the middle of the hull, and the early reentry gun mounts are 5220mm long. The Lai Fu line is 4800mm long, with a barrel weight of 9,930 kg, a muzzle velocity of 530 meters per second, an effective range of 11,000 meters, and a rate of fire of 1 round per minute. The gunner has a 1-inch (25.4mm) rear open cannon cover for protection. Large, capable of providing sufficient firepower support directly ahead, side and rear of the warship, with a total of 300 rounds of ammunition;

It is also equipped with eight 75mm Krupp guns (similar to the Army-equipped Krupp battalion guns, except that a set of gun mounts for the ship's installation is provided outside the army gun mount. The gun body is 3230mm in length and weighs 750 kg. The use of flowering bullets, weighing 5.85 kg, this artillery is mainly used by the Marine Corps after landing ashore, and can be temporarily placed in an appropriate position on the ship if necessary). The shells used are "single-layer flowering seeds" and "layered flowering seeds" , "Mother bullets", "bullets"; 8 French 37mm five-barrel Hatchies () fast-fire guns (small-caliber fast-fire guns with a high rate of fire, generally equipped with re-entry mechanism), gun length 740mm, It weighs 209 kilograms, has a rate of fire of 60 rounds per minute, has 24 rounds of ammunition per door, and has a range of 2778 meters. The ammunition is also divided into flower and solid rounds, with an average weight of 1.1 kilograms. It can penetrate 24mm thick steel plates at a distance of 274 meters. There are 2 doors in the upper mast plate (combat mast plate), and the remaining 4 doors are installed on both sides of the hull. The gunner is protected by a 5mm gun shield;

The hull design of the Chaoyang class follows the German Saxon class and is appropriately lengthened and widened. The Saxon class did not have a torpedo weapon design. The Chinese navy greatly favored the new torpedo weapons. Therefore, the technical staff of the two countries in the Chaoyang class Added three 14-inch torpedo tubes (with 21 torpedoes), all of which are advanced German Schwartzkopf phosphor-copper black-head torpedoes, of which two torpedo tubes are placed on the front and side of the warship respectively in iron armor Before the fort, another one was arranged on the midship line of the warship stern, and the launch port was below the warship stern. This improvement was so successful that Germany also did the same on the 4 Saxon classes as the Chaoyang class shortly after the Chaoyang class was completed. Makeover.

The two warships "Chaoyang" and "Dawn" each carry two ship-borne torpedo boats (standard displacement of 16 tons, length of 19.5 meters, speed of 15 knots, and a 14-inch torpedo launch tube on each side of the bow). "Chaoyi, Chaoyi, Liyi, Lili", for the deployment of two torpedo boats, there is a dedicated boom on the rear mast (the rear mast of the warship has two front and rear rods, the forward one is real Boom, while the one at the rear is the wind control rod that controls the sail direction when using the sail). Although four small torpedo boats are more powerful, they ca n’t sail long distances to the open sea because of less coal loading and short range. After being attached to the ship and reaching the combat area, it was hoisted into the water and sailed on its own to achieve an extraordinary victory. The Chaoyang-class warships each have sharp blade-like collision angles underwater, the shape is exactly the same as that used by the Saxon and Dingyuan classes (the collision angles were popular in the navies of the countries after the Battle of Olympia, mainly for close-range collisions. Enemy ships); The improved Chaoyang class has 32 guns of various types (22 Dingyuan class). Compared with the prototype iron armored ship, its weapon performance and quantity are more advantageous, and its attack and lethality against enemy ships is stronger. The Chaoyang class protection design uses the same armored fortress as the Saxon and Dingyuan classes. The armored fortress is 43.5 meters in length. From the superstructure to the side waterline and below the waterline, the steel armor is 305 to 355mm thick. (Steel-faced composite armor) The hull of the general ship except for the fore and aft parts is tightly wrapped and has a solid defense force.

The key parts of the entire warship, such as the ammunition depot and the power department, are all protected by the armored armor. The thickness of the armored armor and the internal layout of the hull are basically the same as those of the Dingyuan ship. It's not like the price increase of raw materials when Zhenyuan ship was built was limited to funding. Beiyang was forced to replace the steel surface iron armor below the waterline with wrought iron armor with a less effective defense ~ www.wuxiaspot.com ~ So the excellent protection of the two Chaoyang-class ships The performance is the same; an oval bronze medal is nailed on the wall of the captain's guest room, and the traditional Chinese style rope pattern surrounds the Chinese ship name "Chaoyang" / "Dawn",

The living space of ordinary sailors is relatively small compared to officers. The resting place is basically in a hammock, and eating, sleeping and working are all in the same place. In order to ventilate the cabin, there are 4 large ventilators and 4 small ventilators on the main deck. Evenly distributed on the two sides of the warship, the wind buckets on the ventilator can be turned as required. Four of the large vents are equipped with special devices inside to lift the **** in the boiler room to the deck and then distribute it on the port and starboard. Dumping of the 2 trash cans. In order to meet the needs of life during sea navigation, there are 20 fresh water furnaces in the Chaoyang-class warship. The fresh water produced by the desalination machine can be used by more than 400 people on the ship, plus fresh fruits and vegetables such as bean sprouts and frozen meat. (The cold storage technology imported from Australia in 1875 by the Han Dynasty) effectively guaranteed the life of the officers and soldiers of the entire ship, and for the Navy, good and effective living conditions were undoubtedly one of the keys to defeating the enemy.

The Chaoyang-class iron armored ship, which was finally completed after five years of hard work in Han Dynasty, concentrated its powerful firepower, speed, and protection. When it was completed, it attracted the attention of all countries in the world. Although it was not as complete in design and construction as all warships in the exploration period, it was analyzed Comparing the advantages and disadvantages of the world's main battleships during the same period, this was a fairly advanced class of warships in terms of tactical and technical level at that time.