My Super Black Technology Empire

The rocket launch ended successfully. On the third day and the seventh day of the National Day, Datang Technology launched two rockets successively, which caused quite a stir.

This made people see how powerful Datang Science and Technology's rocket launch capability is, and how terrifying its technical reserves and technological background are.

With the successful launches time after time, everyone has seen the strength of Datang Technology.

At the same time, with the successful launch of three rockets, Datang Technology has a total of nine communication satellites in space.

Three days later, the mining spacecraft was assembled on the back of the moon. It carries the hope of Datang Technology's future development and is constantly accelerating towards the orbit of Mars.

....

People say that the memory of the Internet is only half a month. After half a month has passed, the overwhelming discussion on the Internet has weakened.

However, Ye Fan didn't care much about the discussions on the Internet, because no matter whether it was those who supported him or those who opposed to smear him, Ye Fan could not be knocked down by words at all.

At this time, Ye Fan was rubbing his forehead, thinking about another question.

Because of the news from Tenglong Chip Group, according to Ye Fan's plan, they have successfully researched and broken through to a 3nm lithography machine, and have completed the drawing, which can be submitted for production at any time.

Even they are already working on 1nm and smaller precision lithography machines, and the development of all this seems to be thriving.

However, the headache for Ye Fan is that when the silicon-based chip breaks through to 1nm, the quantum tunneling effect will cause "electronic runaway" and cause the chip to fail.

To be precise, quantum tunneling already exists at 5nm or even below 7nm.

In this case, replacing the silicon base of the chip may be a possibility for further development of the chip.

Don't look at the quantum computer that has been developed now, but with the gradual integration of quantum transistors in the future, quantum transistors will eventually be etched onto silicon-based chips.

Therefore, the development of computers in the future is nothing more than replacing electronic transistors with quantum transistors, and there is no change in essence.

It's just that the computing power of today's quantum computers is too high, so it conceals the fact that it does not need to be integrated.

Once the things that need to be calculated exceed the carrying capacity of the quantum computer itself and cannot meet today's needs, then the integration of quantum computers must be considered.

The integration of circuits cannot bypass the silicon-based chip and the step of etching.

As early as 2016, "Science" magazine had reported the research results of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory: the world's smallest transistor, which is a MOS2 transistor with a gate length of 1 nanometer.

Further reducing the size of transistors is an important breakthrough in improving computer computing power and breaking technical bottlenecks.

The smaller the transistor, the larger the capacity on the chip, the faster the processor, and the more efficient the computer.

For years, the computer industry has been governed by Moore's Law, which states that the number of transistors in a semiconductor circuit will double every two years.

But looking forward to the future, the development of Moore's Law has begun to encounter troubles. The so-called troubles are the laws of powerlessness.

While it is technically feasible to make the 7nm node out of silicon, there are problems after that. Silicon transistors smaller than 7nm are physically closely connected, and electrons experience quantum tunneling.

The so-called quantum tunneling effect on the chip means that electrons can flow continuously from one gate to the next instead of staying inside the expected logic gate, so this essentially makes it impossible for the transistor to be in the off state.

The transistor needs to be turned on and off, representing the two most essential things of the computer, 0 and 1, in order to operate normally.

Therefore, the occurrence of quantum tunneling effect makes it impossible to manufacture chips below 3nm.

Although it is already possible to manufacture a 1-nanometer lithography machine, the fact that the manufactured lithography machine can be used does not mean that the chip can also be used.

The industry has been squeezing every bit of production capacity of the silicon substrate. By converting the material into MOS2, a gate transistor with a length of only 1nm can be manufactured and controlled like a switch.

As we all know, transistors are composed of three terminals, namely source, drain and gate.

Current flows from the source to the drain and is controlled by the gate, which turns the current on or off depending on the applied voltage.

Both silicon and MOS2 have a lattice structure, but the effective mass of electrons passing through silicon is smaller than that of mos2.

So when the gate length is 5nm or longer, silicon transistors can work normally, but once the gate length is smaller than this length, a quantum mechanical phenomenon called quantum tunneling begins to appear.

The gate barrier can no longer prevent the flow of electrons from the source to the drain, which means that the transistor can no longer be switched on and off, that is, the electrons are out of control.

The electrons passing through mos2 are of higher mass, and their flow can be controlled through smaller gates.

Mos2, on the other hand, can be shrunk down to an atomically thin sheet, about 0.65 nanometers thick, with a low dielectric constant (reflecting the material's ability to store energy in an electric field) these properties.

Therefore, when the mos2 gate length is reduced to 1 nanometer, the current flow inside the transistor can be controlled in an orderly manner.

Although Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory has conducted experiments to verify the feasibility of this scheme, it must be emphasized that the research here is still in a very early stage.

There are more than a billion transistors on a 14nm chip, and the Berkeley Lab team has yet to develop a viable way to mass-produce the new 1nm transistors, or even a chip that uses them.

Therefore, the way of replacing the silicon substrate with mos2 is still feasible to a certain extent, but how far this method can actually go, no one has an answer in mind.

And some idiotic ideas, such as under the same number of transistors, since the chip cannot be made smaller, then doubling the area of ​​the chip, etc., can be seen through careful inspection of the data, which is very anti-intellectual.

After all, there will be many problems after getting bigger. First, the heat will cause the frequency to be unable to be increased at all. Then the only thing that can be achieved by making the chip bigger is to increase the physical core of the chip.

The painful lessons of the predecessors have proved that this road is completely unworkable.