Into Unscientific

"Dark matter?"

I heard this word coming out of Yang Zhenning’s mouth.

Huang Kun suddenly looked startled.

After less than half a minute, he frowned and said:

"Old Yang, is the dark matter you are talking about the concept proposed by Fritz Zwicky back then?"

Yang Zhenning nodded when he heard this:

"That's right."

When Huang Kun heard this, the hesitation on his face became more intense.

Dark matter.

This is a concept that is relatively unpopular nowadays.

The history of dark matter observation can be traced back to 1933, when Fritz Zwicky used the virial force theorem to calculate the dynamic mass of the Coma galaxy cluster based on the measurement results of the spectral redshift effect.

As a result, he found that the calculated dynamic mass was much greater than the calculated photometric mass of the galaxy cluster due to the luminous stars. Therefore, he believed that there was a large amount of non-luminous material in the galaxy cluster that had not been observed.

Later, Fritz Zwicky also studied the Virgo Supercluster and found the same result.

So he came up with an idea:

Only a very small part of the total mass and energy in the universe belongs to visible matter.

That is, the galaxies, nebulae, dust, stars, planets, etc. that we can see. The rest are invisible things, which are the so-called

Dark matter.

This type of material is uncharged, does not participate in any material interaction, and is only related to gravity.

However, for a long time in the past, scientists had little understanding of the microscopic properties of matter, and had doubts about the estimation of photometric quality, so they did not pay much attention to Fritz Zwicky's conclusion.

The concept of dark matter is a bit similar to the stall selling ginger and garlic at the edge of the wet market. There are not many customers, but compared with the large stalls selling vegetables, fish and meat, it seems very deserted, and you can barely make ends meet.

The result was unexpected.

At this time, the 62nd elementary particle deduced by Yang Zhenning and Li Zhengdao could actually be dark matter?

"Wait, that's not right."

Then Huang Kun quickly thought of something and asked Yang Zhenning:

"Old Yang, if my memory is correct, there should be some differences between the characteristics of dark matter insisted by the dark matter school and the meta-hadron model, right?"

"That is, if dark matter really exists, it should theoretically be outside the model."

Today, the leader of the dark matter school is called Kent Ford, who is the man who later completely confirmed the existence of dark matter by calculating the rotation curve of the Andromeda galaxy.

He derived some characteristics of dark matter through the expansion of spherical harmonics of temperature fluctuations. For example, dark matter must have no color charge, maintain a large enough abundance, and be non-relativistic. That is, the mass must be much greater than the kinetic energy.

These characteristics indicate that its main component cannot be any kind of particle in the standard model, nor can it be a black hole formed by the collapse of a star, that is, some kind of particle outside the model.

In other words.

Even if dark matter does exist, it should not be the 62nd fundamental particle.

Faced with Huang Kun's question, Yang Zhenning smiled:

"That's not necessarily true. Although Kent Ford has done in-depth research on dark matter, he may still be wrong about the characteristics of specific particles."

"By the way, Lao Huang, do you have paper and pen?"

Huang Kun nodded quickly when he heard this and shook the briefcase in his hand:

"Yes, I just talked about semiconductors with Teacher Lin in the conference room on the second floor. I have paper and pen in my bag."

The name of Teacher Lin in Huang Kun's mouth is Lin Zhiping. The name is only different from that of one of the four Huashan sisters. He is also an expert with profound knowledge in semiconductors.

This time Lin Zhiping returned to China and brought a lot of advanced international knowledge and information, so after settling the rest of the returning group, Huang Kun immediately went to chat with Lin Zhiping.

Then Yang Zhenning, Li Zhengdao and Huang Kun chose a nearby seat, pulled up a table with sundries, and began to discuss the content.

"Look here."

Yang Zhenning first asked for the volume of "Physical Review Letters" from Li Zhengdao, and quickly turned to one of the pages:

"This is the Proca equation that describes neutrinos in the metahadron model. Following this, we can expand the BCH formula in a series to obtain short-term breaking fields."

"Then introduce S^=eiθSi=limn→∞(IiθnSi)n=eiθ2σi=eiθ2σ"

"Assume a mediocre component, S1=2σ1=2(0110), S2=2σ2=2(0ii0), S3=2σ3=2(1001)"

"Then do this, do that, and do that."

"Here, look, a large field has been constructed."

Looking at the wide-area field expression written in front of Yang Zhenning, Huang Kun's breathing paused for a few beats.

Plaza.

This concept refers to a potential energy field with continuous degrees of freedom, which belongs to a low-energy effective theory of high-energy lattice theory, that is, an artificial field.

However, this artificial field is not a random fabrication, but a potential energy field derived based on the Lagrange quantity.

In human terms, there are traces to follow and principles to guide.

The expressions of wide-area fields in different situations are different, and the special thing about the wide-area field written by Yang Zhenning at this time is that

Its spinor field has only the left-hand field.

As everyone knows.

The spinor in mathematics refers to the vector in the basic representation of the Spin (p, q) group, and sometimes also refers to the cross section of the main spin bundle.

In physics, spinor refers to the symmetry group SU(2) of spin space, or the vector in the representation space of the complex 4-dimensional Minkowski space-time symmetry group SL(2, C)—sometimes it also refers to the spinor field in space-time. .

And in Yang Zhenning’s derivation process.

The w unit rotation axis of this spinor field remains unchanged, the multiplication of R(2θ) and R(θ)*R(θ) is the same, and there is a unique antisymmetric spinor εAB in the inner product.

Introducing this situation into the mass field model (that is, the Higgs mechanism) in Zhao Zhongyao's paper, you will find that the breach will also produce a massless excitation mode.

In other words.

In the meta-hadron model, there is also a particle that does not participate in the strong interaction, weak interaction, and electromagnetic interaction except for the gravitational effect.

That is.

Metahadrons. Or dark matter particles supported by the elementary particle model framework.

Think of this.

Huang Kun's eyes were already full of horror.

Is there really a 62nd particle?

True.

This so-called "existence" mainly comes from mathematical derivation. To put it bluntly, it is a mathematical prediction, but the problem is that dozens of other elementary particles also exist based on the logic of this mathematical language.

What's more important is that the meta-hadron model also has a double injection diagram, which means that there is currently no evidence to refute the error of this model, but there is a lot of supporting data.

Therefore, the 62nd elementary particle mentioned by Yang Zhenning and Li Zhengdao can indeed be said to exist in a certain sense.

It's just that it's much more difficult to find than ordinary particles - because it only participates in the effect of gravity.

Think of this.

Huang Kun couldn't help but look up at Yang Zhenning and Li Zhengdao, and asked them:

"Lao Yang, Lao Li, how many people have calculated this particle? - I mean across the sea."

After realizing that the mathematical framework supports dark matter particles, Huang Kun's attention immediately jumped from their bet to a broader field:

How many people have calculated or are aware of the existence of this particle now?

If there are many people across the sea who can calculate this particle, then he must report the news immediately and strive to have relevant research launched simultaneously in the country.

After all, the rabbits have explicitly or implicitly predicted evidence or mathematical deductions for the existence of 61 types of particles in their paper, but dark matter particles were not mentioned at all.

If the other side of the sea, Europe or Neon seizes this opportunity to carry out research and achieve results, then the rabbits will probably be robbed of some of their limelight.

This is obviously something difficult to accept for rabbits with advanced obsessive-compulsive disorder.

"."

After hearing Huang Kun's question, Yang Zhenning thought for a few seconds:

"It shouldn't be much. Nanbu Yoichiro and Yukawa Hideki over at Neon should be able to calculate it, but I don't know why their recent behavior is a bit strange."

"For example, Yoichiro Nanbu resigned from his professorship at the University of Chicago and hurriedly returned to Neon Country."

Huang Kun's eyes moved slightly, but he didn't speak.

As the current academic member of Huaxia and a reliable comrade on Xu Yun's list, Huang Kun had been informed of the relevant truth about Neon not long ago.

The purpose of Nanbu Yoichiro's return to Neon was obviously to study the unified model, which is now Neon's "national policy".

in this case.

Not to mention whether Yukawa Hideki and Nanbu Yoichiro have discovered traces of the existence of dark matter, even if they did deduce the relevant content, the existence of dark matter will only appear insignificant compared with the unified model that may overturn the physics world.

As for Yukawa Hideki and others, they told the news across the sea. Now the father and son are at the peak of their conflict, at least within the next two years, there is no possibility.

Thinking of this, Huang Kun's dignity suddenly faded a little:

"What about across the sea?"

"Across the sea."

Yang Zhenning hissed softly, which was an action he often did when thinking:

"The top talents across the sea are much higher than the neon people, but the concept of dark matter has been suppressed on the other side of the sea for a long time - because many scientists do not believe that the earth and the sun pass through the invisible dark matter medium during their revolution. thing."

"For example, top universities such as Yale University, University of Chicago, and Harvard University do not allow lecturers to mention the concept of dark matter."

"Of course, this also has something to do with Kent Ford's political stance."

Mentioned above.

The proposer of dark matter was Fritz Zwicky, and its current leader is Kent Ford.

Kent Ford had a very special political stance. He often criticized the persecution of Indians across the sea, and even dissed MacArthur in front of MacArthur for shamelessly launching the Peninsular War. He was basically a watering can.

Once a scientist is associated with politics, especially non-mainstream political tendencies, his life will probably not be easy.

In addition, dark matter does have logical loopholes that are difficult to convince the public due to equipment accuracy issues, so there is indeed no market across the sea.

Later, if Vera Rubin had not attracted an investment from the Carnegie Institution for Science, Kent Ford would never have been able to improve the observation equipment, and ultimately it would not have been possible to confirm the existence of dark matter.

And even after the discovery of dark matter, Vera Rubin's reputation will be far greater than that of Kent Ford.

Vera Rubin was later personally awarded the National Medal of Science by Clinton Jr., becoming the second female astronomer elected to the National Academy of Sciences across the sea. However, Kent Ford, who personally calculated the rotation curve of the Andromeda galaxy, lacked the honor. This also shows how much influence political leanings have on a person.

Of course.

From a Chinese perspective, Kent Ford can be considered a truth-teller.

Then Yang Zhenning paused and continued:

"In this case, there are many top scholars across the sea who are focusing on particle verification."

“For example, Willis Eugene Lamb, Emilio Gino Segre, and Jeno Pahl Wigner have all applied for many particle-related projects—after all, these particles must be studied Well, maybe it can bring them a Nobel Prize.”

"So on the contrary, some scholars who have less authority on the subject but are very capable may discover the existence of dark matter."

"For example, Murray Gelman, who reviewed Comrade Zhao Zhongyao's paper, a young man named Steven Weinberg, and Sheldon Glashow of the University of California. These three people should The ability to calculate the presence of dark matter."

"Also, Pakistan's Abdul Salam should also be possible, but the scientific research environment in Pakistan is still too difficult to verify dark matter."

"The situation in Europe should be similar to that across the sea. However, there may be some scientists on Big Brother Bear's side who have discovered signs of dark matter. After all, they have a lot of black technology."

Huang Kun nodded slowly.

The situation was much better than he expected.

As Yang Zhenning said, dark matter itself is a very unpopular concept, and the related derivation process has relatively high requirements on a person's physical and mathematical abilities.

Under this situation, many scholars have focused on the verification of other particles, and what can be completely calculated and deduced is actually quite limited.

Looking outside China, there are probably more scholars on the Mao Xiong side.

However, the internal situation of the bear is also very complicated. To take a big step back, if dark matter is really discovered by the bear, the impact will definitely be much lower than if it is discovered by Europe, the United States, Japan and South Korea.

Of course.

Huang Kun did not know that Wang Ganchang and the others had discovered signs of the existence of 4685 hyperons long ago (see Chapter 629), nor did he know that this dark matter was a lone particle associated with 4685 hyperons.

That's right.

The 62nd particle deduced by Yang Zhenning and Li Zhengdao is the lone point particle code-named "Pangu".

This is actually quite normal.

Because the binding energy of 4685 hyperons is added to the paper, Yang Zhenning and Li Zhengdao can do the series expansion through this combination.

The dark matter discovered in this case can naturally only be lone point particles.

"."

Then Huang Kun took a deep breath, threw all the thoughts in his mind behind him, and asked again:

"So Lao Yang, that 63 in your brackets refers to..."

This time.

Yang Zhenning did not give an answer immediately, but looked at Li Zhengdao:

"Or write it down?"

Li Zhengdao had no objection.

Yang Zhenning then tore off a small piece of the calculation paper and handed it to Li Zhengdao.

The two of them did not turn around this time, but put their left hands in front of the paper at the same time and wrote down what they were thinking.

More than ten seconds later.

The two of them pushed the piece of paper to the center of the table at the same time.

Huang Kun probed his head. After a few seconds, his voice suddenly rose to the level of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau:

"Fuck, graviton????"