Into Unscientific

Of course Xu Yun was not sick.

But at this moment, Xu Yun's emotions were more complicated than when he had a fever - he was really shocked.

be honest.

Although the double quark injection picture that Wang Chengshu found was not part of Xu Yun's plan, it was not particularly unexpected.

After all, although Mr. Ting Zhaozhong would discover the three-jet pattern of J particles more than ten years later, the energy level of the collider they used at that time was only more than 70 MeV.

The iteration of theory may require a certain pre-foundation, but the discovery of phenomena is not affected by time.

Theoretically, as long as you are lucky enough, the three-injection pattern may actually be discovered in 1957.

But after discovering the double injection diagram, Zhu Hongyuan thought of the stratoton model, and then Li Jue discovered the final state hyperon image, which was somewhat beyond Xu Yun's expectations.

But what I didn't expect was

This tmd is not over yet?

What Li Jue found this time was actually not an ordinary hyperon, but a Λ hyperon with a binding energy of about 1.26812 MeV?

To know.

Xu Yun is very familiar with the number 1.26812MeV.

That's right.

When the Northern Song Dynasty dungeon ended, the Λ super son that Zhao Zhengguo found with the blessing of the National Fortune buff was exactly of this magnitude!

That is what later spawned a bunch of stories.

4685Λ superon!

Who would have thought that in this copy, Xu Yun would see his old friend again?

This is no ordinary super son.

I won’t talk about its physical properties, but just one thing:

It is the key to finding lone point particles, which is dark matter!

Just like Emperor Xian of the Han Dynasty in the Three Kingdoms, Emperor Xian of the Han Dynasty was just a young child, but mastering the Emperor Xian of the Han Dynasty is equivalent to mastering the royal power and morality!

Think of this.

Xu Yun's little heart beat loudly again.

True.

As far as rabbits are concerned at this time, it should be said that for any country in the world, it may be a bit early to mention dark matter.

After all, although dark matter was proposed by Swiss astronomer Fritz Zwicky in 1933, the current physics community also has some speculation and research on dark matter.

However, due to the accuracy of various cosmic observation equipment and the lack of basic models, the influence of dark matter in the scientific community is far less than that of later generations.

At this time, if dark matter is taken out, it will not only be difficult to gain honor or fame, but it may also generate a lot of controversy.

Not to mention that the technology for producing dark matter involves magneto-optical traps and Einstein condensates. Let alone this period, it will be difficult to meet the corresponding conditions in another forty years.

But on the other hand.

If dark matter is not studied as a short-term public achievement, but treated as a long-term plan, then this will be different.

for example.

Although there are still many mysteries in the fundamental particle model in 2023, the 61 types of particles included in the model were all discovered very early - except for the Higgs particle, other particles were basically discovered within twenty or thirty years. .

Then here comes the problem.

What happens after these particles are discovered?

Where should the research direction be at that time?

According to the trajectory of later generations, these directions are nothing more than gravitational waves, quantum correlation, room temperature superconductivity, and dark matter.

So if Xu Yun had reserved a trail at this time.

Then when the time is right in the future, this trail can be expanded into a general direction.

Research on dark matter can continue for at least one to twenty years. Counting particle models, conservatively speaking, China will have no worries about its theoretical direction in the next 30 years!

Xu Yun is not a saint who can see for thousands of years, and his strategic vision is not far-fetched. Thirty-year planning is already the limit of his ability.

Moreover, considering the abilities of the rabbits, thirty years is enough time for them to create many, many things.

It's just that Xu Yun has been hesitant before taking this kick. After all, dark matter is indeed a bit far away from the rabbits now.

But now that even the 4685Λ superon has been discovered, there is no reason to hesitate.

Of course.

There are still many progressive relationships between 4685Λ hyperons and dark matter. Xu Yun still needs to think carefully about how to explain this matter smoothly.

And the other side.

After confirming that Xu Yun was indeed not sick, Wang Ganchang continued to turn to another page:

"Teacher, in addition to these two identical Λ hyperons, the other particle discovered is also a bit special."

Zhao Zhongyao raised his eyebrows when he heard this:

"Oh? What do you say?"

Wang Ganchang handed this page of report to Zhao Zhongyao and explained:

"The mass of this particle is about 23.8GeV-24.9GeV. It is considered a standard hadron family, but it does not belong to the Λ hyperon."

"Its final state position has a rather strange tilt condition. I calculated it based on the precession frequency of fermions and found that there is a relatively obvious deviation between the actual and theoretical values."

"How should I put it? It's a bit similar to the anomalous magnetic moment of a muon, but it's not exactly the same."

A hint of curiosity suddenly appeared in Zhao Zhongyao's eyes, and he took the report and read it.

Mentioned earlier.

All fermion particles have a spin angular momentum.

This angular momentum gives the particle an intrinsic magnetic moment, which can be deduced from the Dirac equation:

Because the spin of a particle is also a special rotation, the charged spin particle will also have a magnetic moment, which can be proven to have a size of g(e/2m)s.

where e is the charge, m is the mass of the particle, s is the spin of the particle, and g is a coefficient called the g factor.

That is to say, given a particle, we all know its charge, mass, and spin, so we only need to calculate the magnetic moment through theoretical calculations.

Quantum field theory can be used to calculate the g factor of leptons such as electrons and muons, and the calculated result is a number slightly larger than 2.

For example, the g factor of an electron is calculated as g=2.00231930436256. The first 2 is the calculation result of the lowest order of the theory. The small amount after the decimal point is the quantum correction caused by vacuum fluctuations. This correction value is the anomalous magnetic moment.

But during subsequent experiments, physicists suddenly discovered a situation:

For electrons, the theoretically calculated values ​​of the anomalous magnetic moment are in perfect agreement with the experimental measured values ​​down to 11 decimal places.

This shows that for electrons, our theory has no problem.

But for muons, the experimental value and theoretical value of the anomalous magnetic moment begin to differ from the 8th decimal place. (It is recommended to make a comment here. This concept will not be introduced again in the future. It is very important)

In the future life where Xu Yun traveled through time.

The muon's anomalous magnetic moment was measured to a confidence level of 5σ, just a few days before you read this chapter.

If this confidence level is finally confirmed to be true, then the existence of new physics can basically be confirmed - Xu Yun is still looking forward to this.

Of course, this is something in the future, more than sixty years behind now.

However, the physics community started measuring the muon magnetic moment very early, and it is considered one of the unsolved mysteries in the physics community. Therefore, although Zhao Zhongyao and others did not know that this anomalous magnetic moment would almost overturn the physics building in the future, they were The concept itself is still not unfamiliar.

"."

Looking at the report in front of him, Zhao Zhongyao's eyebrows furrowed even more.

be honest.

Compared with the 4685Λ hyperon, this particle is actually not that special - although it is also a final state hyperon, there are no small toothpicks of bosons around its image.

That is to say, this image does not record much decay information. Without the findings of the first two reports, it may be one of the evidences to support Zhu Hongyuan's guess. But with the first two reports, its crest image is not so important. .

But on the other hand.

Its precession frequency has an obvious concave range, which is very strange.

Precession frequency.

This is actually the phenomenon of precession.

Take the hydrogen proton as an example.

The hydrogen proton itself will spin, and its magnetic moment will be affected under the action of an external magnetic field B0.

That is, in addition to spin, it also rotates around the direction of the external magnetic field.

Just like the earth, in addition to rotating, it also revolves around the sun.

We call the way in which the hydrogen proton rotates and oscillates around the direction of the external magnetic field B0 in addition to its own spin, as precession. It is an intrinsic characteristic of the particle and has nothing to do with the structure. That is, whether there are other structures inside.

The famous Larmor precession frequency formula talks about precession frequency and involves the content of MRI.

But it is one thing that this thing has nothing to do with the structure, and it is another thing that there is an anomaly. Although the direction is different from what Zhao Zhongyao and the others are discussing, it is obviously impossible for you to let Zhao Zhongyao ignore this anomaly.

Just like an author named Fishing Guy went on a blind date with a girl, but during the blind date there was a very violent quarrel outside.

Quarrel and blind date have nothing to do with each other, but this does not prevent the two people on the blind date from running over to watch the fun.

The current abnormal precession frequency is the kind of lively thing that has nothing to do with blind dates. In addition, there are discrepancies between the theoretical values ​​mentioned by Wang Ganchang and the actual situation. Obviously, this is not a small quarrel.

Then Zhao Zhongyao returned to the table with this report and started making calculations:

"The gradient magnetic field is 0, and the hyperon precession frequency in the isocenter is exactly the Larmor frequency f0"

"The Ω, ω, and M of the particle obviously satisfy the condition of regular precession M=JωΩsinθ, so."

More than ten minutes later.

Zhao Zhongyao put down his paper and pen and compared his answer with the result:

"Well, there is indeed a big difference in precession frequency, and the external torque is also different?"

When Zhao Zhongyao was writing and calculating, Zhu Hongyuan and others also looked at the image and said quickly after hearing this:

"Comrade Zhongyao, could it be the influence of the magnetization vector?"

Hear this.

Before Zhao Zhongyao could say anything, another middle-aged man on the side spoke:

"Not too possible."

After hearing this, everyone couldn't help but look at the person who spoke.

This person's name is Hu Ning. Like Lao Guo and Qian Wu, he graduated from Caltech and is one of the earliest academic members in China.

At the same time, Hu Ning is also a well-known theoretical physicist in China. He is one of the first three people to recruit graduate students in China and has made great contributions to the stratoton model:

At that time, Zhu Hongyuan established the "History of the Creation of Quantum Mechanics" to study Gell-Mann's eight-fold method, while Hu Ning led the team to develop the SU(3) symmetry theory of elementary particles.

The later stratoton model was based on the results of these two teams. Hu Ning's authority in particle physics even rivaled that of Zhao Zhongyao.

Therefore, after Hu Ning spoke, Zhao Zhongyao immediately asked:

"Comrade Hu Ning, do you have any ideas?"

Hu Ning nodded quickly. His character is relatively taciturn, but when he speaks, he can basically hit the key points:

"It is absolutely impossible for the magnetization vector to affect the precession frequency. Hyperons are baryons heavier than nucleons, and the sensitivity is proportional to the square of the mass."

"Its spin polarization vector has a constant angle α with the direction of the magnetic field, and the precession Larmor frequency can only exist in an equivalent pure state, and a concave image is impossible."

Seeing this, Xu Yun's expression didn't change much.

The concept Hu Ning mentioned is actually the concept of Bloch sphere, which is the evolution of a state in the quantum field.

Although qubit's logic gates have not yet been officially summarized into a system, it is normal for Hu Ning to have these perceptions based on his ability.

Then under Xu Yun's gaze.

Hu Ning drew another simple three-dimensional diagram and said:

"When Lao Zhao (Zhao Zhongyao) was doing the calculations just now, I followed suit and found that the anomaly was not limited to the precession frequency."

"For example, if we build a standard two-dimensional square matrix and regard I as the zeroth Pauli operator, then the four Pauli operators I, σx, σy, and σz should all be complete."

"But in fact, both σy and σz have serious representation problems, and even orthogonal sets cannot correspond to eigenvectors."

"So I suspect that there should be something inside this particle - I don't mean the basic structure, but information."

"information?"

Zhao Zhongyao blinked and said subconsciously:

"Comrade Hu Ning, are you saying that this particle is some kind of messenger particle?"

Hu Ning nodded slightly:

"This is just my guess. After all, the concept of messenger DNA may be familiar to everyone, but messenger particles have never been discovered at all."

Zhao Zhongyao's expression changed for a while, and then he suddenly thought of something and said to Xu Yun:

"Xiao Han, you've been through three chapters. Ahem, you haven't spoken for a long time. What do you think?"

"."

Xu Yun had been paying attention to everyone's chatting throughout the whole process. After hearing these words, there was a trace of confusion in his eyes.

Do you want to kick this jio?

But soon, he thought of Zhu Hongyuan's stratotron model.

Now that even quarks and 4685Λ hyperons have been discovered, it seems that I have nothing to hesitate about, right?

So he quickly put all the worries in his mind behind him, took a deep breath, and said to Zhao Zhongyao:

"Director Zhao, I am not an expert in particle physics, so I may not know much about the specific theory."

"But if it's just about the idea, I have a guess."

"Is it possible that there is a vector gauge boson inside this hyperon?"

Note:

I will start adding more updates the day after tomorrow. I originally planned to add them tomorrow, but there will be another media interview tomorrow. (Yes, my mother’s name is still in the newspaper)