Into Unscientific

well known.

From the perspective of general direction, physics can basically be divided into two directions:

Applied and fundamental physics.

The so-called applied physics refers to the subject that uses physical knowledge to solve practical problems.

To put it bluntly, it is a relatively broad technical application subject, and to put it bluntly, it is to engage in technology and invention, and computer light bulbs can be regarded as one of the concepts

In the year 2023 that Xu Yun travels through.

When it comes to applied physics in China, even those who hate the country find it difficult to find a clear black spot, at most it is a brainless black spot.

In this direction, Huaxia is in the first or even top echelon of the standard, with many achievements and big names.

Examples include radiation physics, quantum encryption communication, optoelectronic technology, iron-based superconductivity, and Mott insulators.

The big guys include Pan Shuai from University of Science and Technology of China, Wang Fa from the School of Physics of Peking University, Yao Hong from Shuimu Advanced Research Institute, Zhu Shining from Jinling University, etc.

But if we change our perspective to fundamental physics, then the situation in China is different.

Fundamental physics refers to the discipline of in-depth understanding of the composition, connection and operation of matter in order to establish and improve the theory of physics and promote its development, which is what everyone calls

theoretical physics.

Up to now.

The highest level of Chinese theoretical physics is still Li and Yang, but they were not Chinese nationalities when they made achievements, let alone the achievements of domestic cultivation.

At present, only Academician Wang Yifang and Mr. Zhang Shoucheng have achieved achievements in the field of theoretical physics with Chinese nationality.

Academician Wang Yifang is still alive today, but Zhang Shousheng unfortunately "passed away" across the sea in 2018.

If it wasn't for Xu Yun's discovery of isolated point particles in reality, the Huaxia theoretical physics community would not have achieved much in the field of popular cognition.

And the reason for this phenomenon.

There are various factors of scientific research chaos, but more of it is due to Huaxia not catching up with the early train of theoretical physics:

Various international academic blockades have caused domestic attention to be modern rather than modern. In the 1960s and 1970s when modern theoretical physics was sprouting, the soil for cultivating theoretical physics was missed.

When neutrinos are being studied internationally, even the knowledge that the isospin triplet state of π mesons and the second-order Casmir operator of Lie groups commutes with all generators in China is still vague.

When a group of foreigners are discussing the Higgs mechanism, the domestic people don’t even know that the mass term of fermions will appear after the Higgs field symmetry is broken.

But now with the appearance of Xu Yun, some things are different.

mentioned earlier.

In 2023, the discovered elementary particles mainly consist of four categories:

Quarks, leptons, gauge bosons, and the Higgs particle.

These four categories of particles are further divided into 61 kinds of particles.

That is, 12 kinds of leptons:

Electron/Mu/τ+3 generations of neutrinos, pros and cons X2.

(positive/negative)*(up/down/odd/charm/top/bottom)*(red/blue/green) 36 kinds of quarks;

One kind of photon, three kinds of Z/W^+/W^-on, 8 kinds of gluons and one kind of Higgs particle.

But in this period.

The physics community's understanding of particle physics is limited to only a few:

Photons, electrons, first-generation neutrinos, muons...and then gone.

That's right.

Same as the bottom of the eunuch, gone.

of the remaining particles.

Tau was discovered in 1977 by Martin Lewis Pell.

The Z/W boson would have been discovered by CERN in 1983—but it had been calculated earlier.

Gluons were discovered by Ding Zhaozhong in 1979.

Not to mention the Higgs particle, which was only dug out of the high-energy level range in 2012.

As for the 36 kinds of quarks.

It would not even be modeled by Gell-Mann three years later, and the existence of quarks would not be proven until more than a decade later.

In other words.

In this period.

If you say that no one would have thought that there is a structure under the neutron, then it is certainly not true. After all, this era has long been out of the scope of modern physics.

But if the conditions are limited to understanding how deep this structure is and how significant its significance is, then the final answer is obviously that there is only Xu Yun.

In later generations, he and the Chinese Academy of Sciences spent countless efforts and almost bet everything on the press conference, but it was just to add a new member of the microscopic particles, the solitary point particle.

But now.

The microscopic particles that have not been discovered by the physics community are more than just one or two? !

What was placed in front of Xu Yun was the entire basic particle model!

The important tool for discovering these particles is the tandem particle accelerator at the University of Cambridge.

True.

With an energy level of only 80 MeV, it must be a daydream to find the Higgs particle.

But the discovered energy levels of tauons, Z/W bosons and gluons are completely within its operating range.

At the same time, the physics community is still slowly digesting the Yang-Mills field proposed by Mr. Yang, and the experiment can only be cracked by violence. This situation will not stop until Te Hooft is born.

So it is no exaggeration to say.

Although Cambridge University regarded that accelerator as a treasure, only Xu Yun understood its true value.

If you don't take this opportunity.

Is Xu Yun still human?

"Within the neutron"

Just when Xu Yun's mood was clouded, Qian Bingqiong who was beside him suddenly spoke.

But the person he asked was not Xu Yun, but Lu Guangda with a subtle expression:

"Director Lu, if I remember correctly, we seem to have done some analysis and research on the lower-level model of the neutron in China, right?"

This was what Lu Guangda was thinking about at first, so he nodded immediately after hearing this:

"That's right, Comrade Zhu Hongyuan from the Theory Office of our Institute of Atomic Energy, and the project team led by Comrade Hu Ning of BJ University have all conducted research on this aspect."

"Comrade Hu Ning's research is relatively in-depth, and he has achieved some results in the theory of the SU(3) symmetry of the elementary particle, but unfortunately, due to lack of sufficient information, we cannot continue - the only reference material we have is A hadron mass spectrum."

"Before I came to the base, I had a chat with Comrade Hu Ning. He called this possible model Yuan Qiangzi—oh, by the way, Comrade He Zuoxiu of our base has also participated in related research."

"Comrade Zhu Hongyuan and the others have been applying for reports now, hoping to organize a relatively high-level international conference and have a discussion with outside scholars."

"Even if you can't invite scholars from across the sea or from Europe, it's fine if you can find scholars from Neon, Malay or even Pakistan."

Yuan Qiangzi.

Hearing this word from Lu Guangda, Xu Yun's eyes moved slightly.

Mentioned long ago.

Gell-Mann independently proposed the quark model in 1964, but at that time, in order not to be beaten to death, he called this thing a mathematical concept.

This method of hiding as long as you can is equivalent to the fact that the traffic of later generations is picked up to stir-fry noodles and add chicken essence, but on social platforms, they pretend to be dead and say nothing, and even go to foreign countries to hold concerts and sell badly.

Later, with Mr. Ding Zhaozhong's discovery of the J particle in 1974, the quark model was finally proven correct.

But what few people know is.

The rabbits back then were only one step away from the quark model.

This step away is the meta-hadron, that is, the straton model.

The background at that time was the early 1960s, two years later than now, and the national particle physics theory team only had hundreds of people.

Their patriarch was academician Zhao Zhongyao, but the actual teaching was mostly taught by academicians Zhang Zongsui, Hu Ning, and Zhu Hongyuan.

For example, the later well-known academician Dai Yuanben was a graduate student of Academician Zhang Zongsui.

At that time, Academician Zhu Hongyuan was one of the few people in China who understood quantum field theory, and he was regarded as one of the founders of quantum field theory in China.

After he learned that Gell-Mann proposed the quark model, he did not reject the model, but became very interested in it.

Later, he contributed to being beaten, and the Institute of Mathematics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and the Institute of Atomic Energy formed a research team dedicated to the study of the quark model.

After careful derivation.

Academician Zhu Hongyuan started from the physical image that hadrons have an internal structure, and innovatively proposed that hadrons are bound states composed of meta-hadrons, the next level of basic components that actually exist in physics, and named them meta-hadrons. Officially renamed layer.

But unfortunately.

At that time, due to the lack of sufficient calculation data, the calculation process of the whole team encountered great obstacles, and finally had no choice but to stop the research.

for example.

The internal motion of hadrons can be approximated by non-relativistic theory.

But the movement of hadrons as a whole must have the property of relativistic covariance.

Therefore, it must first be calculated in the hadron stationary coordinate system, and then apply the Lorentz transformation to obtain the relativistic hadron wave function. For the physical process, use the hadron internal wave function and the overlap of the initial and final state hadron wave functions in the physical process. Integral links these physical processes together to give a more definite theoretical prediction.

According to the manuscript declassified by later generations.

At that time, several teachers at Peking University had used the SU(6) symmetry property and the universal property of the relativistic wave function to systematically express the calculation results of the model.

However, when deriving the bound state wave function of SU(3) symmetry and relativistic covariance, even a physical image of the bound state cannot be produced in China.

Without this kind of data reference, it is impossible for you to ask Gauss Riemann to calculate any results.

Therefore, academician Zhu Hongyuan and the others could only publish this theory in a domestic physics journal in the form of a guess.

Due to the blockade, these journals cannot be known internationally.

Ever since.

This model, which was at least two years earlier than the similar relativistic quark model in the world, died prematurely like this.

This matter is not YY, Weinberg once mentioned this matter in "The First Three Minutes":

"A group of theoretical physicists at Yenching has long held to a theory of one type of quark, but called it stratons, not quarks, because these particles represent a deeper level of reality than ordinary hadrons. "

It is not an exaggeration to say.

If the rabbits were able to complete the relevant derivation and release it.

Then the rabbits in the field of particle physics in later generations can at least get a share of the pie, without having to consider whether to spend a lot of money to build a high-energy particle collider after all the low-energy particles have been found.

Therefore.

Now that he suddenly heard the news that Lu Guangda mentioned the layer, Xu Yun couldn't help but feel a wave of fluctuations in his heart.

The hadrons mentioned in the straton model are neutrons and protons, if the tandem accelerator can be obtained.

bark.

Then Xu Yun wiped away the non-existent saliva, and continued to talk about Amway to Lu Guangda:

"Director Lu, I don't know much about the layer you mentioned, but there must be a smaller model inside the neutron. I personally think it should be regarded as a conclusion."

Then he paused, and continued to pick up the pen and write:

"Director Lu, according to the Yang-Mills theory, the electromagnetic force corresponds to the U(1) group, the weak interaction corresponds to the SU(2) group, and the strong interaction corresponds to the SU(3) group. You should understand this, right?"

Lu Guangda nodded.

Yang-Mills theory.

How could he not understand this?

After all, one of the names of this theory is his best friend.

Xu Yun was not surprised by Lu Guangda's answer, so he quickly continued writing:

"The Lagrangian density of the free fermion field is L=ψ(iγuum)ψ, according to the Yang-Mills theory, if the Lagrangian density is invariant in SU(n) localized gauge, then the gauge field needs to be introduced.

"At this time, the spatial derivative becomes a covariant derivative, that is, Du=uigTaAua."

"Then write the D component of the color space Duij=δijuigTijaAua, Du only needs to satisfy: (Duψ)'=UDuψ(uigTaAu'a)ψ'=U(uigTaAua)ψ to get the gauge field kinetic energy term"

After a few minutes.

Xu Yun finally wrote down a field strength tensor for a non-Abelian gauge field:

Fuva=uAvavAva+gfabcAubAvc.

Lu Guangda subconsciously frowned.

What is Xu Yun trying to do?

Write generator matrix?

But Lu Guangda's furrowed brows didn't last long, and a light sigh came out from his nostrils:

"Well?"

I saw it in front of him.

Xu Yun substituted this field strength tensor into a rank spinor whose basis function is exactly 1-, and wrote the Hamiltonian of the three-dimensional isotropic oscillator into another form.

well known.

Since both Y and T3 of the SU(3) group are diagonal, the basis vectors of the SU(3) irreducible representation space should be distinguished by their two eigenvalues ​​t3, y.

Just like the dotted line segment method of the irreducible representation of SU(2), the representation of SU(3) can be represented by a finite grid of the t3y plane.

In this process, there will be three lifting operators that play three different roles:

T+ increments t3 of the state by one while keeping y unchanged.

U+ decrements the state's t3 by 1/2 and adds one to the y value.

V+ increases the t3 of the state by 1/2 and increases the y value by one.

If a hexagon is drawn on this basis, then the state with the largest eigenvalue must be in the outermost layer, and the state at this point is unique.

But at this moment.

What Xu Yun wrote was an identity between structural constants.

Lu Guangda didn't bother to think about the physical meaning of this identity, but the mathematical meaning is.

Which direct product state has the largest state?

That is.

Can the internal model of the neutron be converted? — at least mathematically.

Suddenly.

Lu Guangda thought of the Sakata model proposed by the neon man Sakata Shoichi.

Although Sakata Changichi's name is the same as that of the Sakata brigade in Liangjian, this is actually one of the few more respectable neon people.

A true pacifist, he believed in 1952 that Neon should not study atomic energy—because it could be used in warfare.

After the founding of the Rabbit, he traveled to Huaxia and Neon many times, and brought many precious particle physics materials to Huaxia.

It was mentioned above that Zhu Hongyuan wanted to organize an international physics conference. Later, when the conference was held, Sakata Shoichi and another Pakistani expert were the only foreigners present.

Later, Sakata Shoichi met with a certain boss once, and while appealing not to use the atomic bomb for war, he also suggested that China should strengthen theoretical physics research.

It is indeed quite rare for a foreigner, especially a Neon person, to be able to do this.

The Sakata model proposed by Shoichi Sakata is a particle model, which holds that all hadrons participating in the strong interaction are not all elementary particles, and the representational state and quantum number inside each particle are the same.

According to Xu Yun's derivation process.

Could it be that the Sakata model is correct?

Or to be precise, the Sakata model can be further optimized?

If Xu Yun's previous calculation of the neutron isospin only pointed out one direction, then this time's derivation actually "hammered" the model under the neutron.

And opposite him.

Xu Yun sighed lightly.

Mr. Weinberg, I'm sorry.

Weinberg is one of Xu Yun's most respected physicists. When he was alive, he was also one of the few masters who could compete with Yang Lao as the number one physicist at that time.

However, in the face of national interests, Xu Yun can only say sorry, and then he has the audacity to show his achievements in the SU (3) group first.

As for whether the result itself will be too abnormal, Xu Yun is not too worried.

After all, the current domestic and international generation gap in this area is too great, and it is difficult to synchronize related achievements in China.

As long as Xu Yun pushed this matter to Cambridge University, Lu Guangda couldn't find a way to verify it. Cambridge University has a tandem accelerator in hand, so it is reasonable to deduce these pure mathematical data.

Then Xu Yun put down his pen again, and said earnestly:

"Director Lu, as you can see, there must be other particles under the neutron."

"Today's basic physics can be simply divided into particle physics theory, quantum field theory and quantum mechanics, celestial bodies and gravitational theory—let's not consider statistical physics."

"Of the three, gravity is obviously the most illusory, and at the same time has the lowest short-term returns."

"The prospects of quantum field theory and quantum mechanics are very high, but it requires a lot of relevant theoretical foundations, and this part of information is difficult to obtain in our current situation."

"So I think we can use the accelerator to focus on particle physics. Maybe if we are lucky, we can derive the straton model you mentioned?"

"."

When Lu Guangda heard this, an uncontrollable expression of emotion appeared on his face.

He thought of his friend again.

The reason why that friend did not go back to China with him was largely due to the lack of a theoretical physics environment in China.

Then as expected.

My friend put forward the Yang-Mills theory across the sea, and quickly won the Nobel Prize, and now he is famous.

Naturally, Lu Guangda would not feel any jealousy about this, but often he would think about one thing:

If the blockade continues, will the domestic conditions always lag behind others like this?

He can tolerate the country being like this for a while, but he cannot accept this situation continuing for a lifetime.

But now Xu Yun has shown him a possibility, at least if the layer sub-model can be confirmed, then the domestic environment will definitely change a lot.

After all, we are high-level executives with a strategic vision that is almost invincible.

And the price paid for this is nothing more than weather Doppler radar technology, the neutron transport equation calculated by their team, and a bunch of local donkey hair.

Think here.

Lu Guangda couldn't help taking a deep breath, and looked up at Xu Yun:

"Xiao Han, what is your specific exchange plan?"

"Exchange plan?"

The first time he heard this word, Xu Yun hadn't realized what Lu Guangda was talking about.

But soon he realized that what Lu Guangda was referring to was the exchange scheme of tandem accelerators.

So he quickly corrected his expression, and said the belly draft he had prepared:

"Director Lu, I think so."

"We hand over the weather Doppler radar technology to Britain, the neutron transport equation to Gaul, and the donkey pulp film to Germany."

"The headquarters of CERN is located in Geneva. If the tandem accelerator wants to be transported from Cambridge University to Geneva, it must pass through Gaul."

"If. I mean, if, when the accelerator arrived in Normandy, a fire broke out in the warehouse. At the same time, Gaul and the United Kingdom also stated that the accelerator was burned during the fire. Chairman Heisenberg also pretended to agree with this script. You how do you feel?"

Lu Guangda was silent for a moment:

"Are you sure the Germans will get Heisenberg to agree to play dumb?"

"Of course I'm sure."

Xu Yun nodded firmly:

"The reason Heisenberg wanted the accelerator was to produce results so that CERN would not be disbanded. He himself was not firm about whether or not to keep the accelerator."

"So as long as the German Gaul and the UK promise not to disband CERN at the same time, then he will probably play dumb."

"Not to mention that he has a very close cooperation with the German Ministry of Craftsmanship. Many of his apprentices are researching Germany's first satellite. If it doesn't work, let's give up the donkey pulp film. Anyway, those donkeys have no objections. Well."

Lu Guangda thought for a moment when he heard the words, then turned his head to look at Lao Guo, and nodded slightly:

"Comrade Bingqiong, I ... agree with Xiaohan's transaction plan."

Note:

Spelling with a few writer friends, others get 6,000 for two hours, and I get 1,600 for two hours, and I didn’t catch fish in the whole process, it’s too difficult.