Into Unscientific

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Looking at the silent scene like a cemetery.

Looking at the astonished expressions on the faces of everyone, including Mai Mai and Lao Tang.

Suddenly, a hearty sense of joy emerged in Xu Yun's heart.

Finally revealed the secret, the past few days have suffocated him.

During the past period of time, he kept the equipment with the highest level of secrecy.

Except Avelyn.

No one has ever seen the complete body of this equipment.

For example, in the workshop, decentralized processing is carried out, and each group completes its own production content independently, and does not know the appearance of the finished product after assembly.

This model is somewhat similar to the two small things that Xu Yun entrusted Avelyn to produce, except that the degree of dispersion of those two small things is higher.

And in terms of assembly.

Xu Yun also arranged for segmented assembly:

Arranged to assemble it by hand overnight, and immediately covered it with a covering cloth. Even Lao Tang, the president of Gewu Society, had never seen its original appearance.

And now the astonished expressions of these 'spectators' show one thing:

The confidentiality arrangements made by Xu Yun in advance are all worthwhile!

Of course.

The surprise of these people at the scene was actually within Xu Yun's expectation.

After all, look at all copies in the past.

Whether it is Mavericks' 1665 or Lao Su's 1100.

Even counting the first half of the 1850 copy of Wheat, he has never produced such a shocking thing.

He even dared to pat his chest to make sure:

Among all known traversers.

Except for the kind of hanging wall that can be realized directly through the XX system, otherwise, there are definitely no more than five fingers who can make a particle accelerator by themselves in 1850.

That's right.

The finale equipment that Xu Yun took out this time is exactly one——

Particle accelerator!

Brackets, the ultimate ultimate beggar version.

As mentioned earlier, the third experiment that Xu Yun plans to do today is the double-slit interference experiment of electrons.

Among them, due to the foreshadowing that he planted in the electromagnetic wave calibration - that is, the misleading proposition that electromagnetic waves are a kind of light, photons were also successfully replaced by Xu Yun into electrons.

After all, a single photon is too difficult to get out.

The "single photon" used by most laboratories in later generations is actually just an energy photon, which is generally detected by HBT experiment or g2.

Because the energy is divided into pieces, the frequency multiple of the minimum energy can be produced, and theoretically, a single photon is produced.

For example, you have a bag of the same third set of one-dollar coins, and each coin weighs 6.1g.

Then when sorting, you only need to look at the display of the electronic scale. If 6.1 appears, it means that a one-yuan coin has been sorted, and you will not "touch" the coin by hand during the whole process.

That is to rely on numerical values ​​instead of phenomena to produce photons.

The production of real single photons is very, very complicated, such as attenuating laser pulses, spontaneous four-wave mixing, or artificial atoms radiating single photons, etc.

Even Xu Yun couldn't figure out these technologies—or it would be difficult to figure them out within a few months.

And what about energy photons?

The concept was clearly not convincing in 1850.

So Xu Yun finally thought twice and decided to replace photons with electrons.

But electronics also has a problem:

Electrons are easy to generate, but not easy to emit.

At present, there is only one electron emission method that Xu Yun can achieve, and that is to emit cathode rays.

But there is a fatal flaw in the emission of cathode rays-the bunches it produces are very long.

After a little bit of energy, the longitudinal launch is very stretched.

Therefore, there are only three improvement methods before Xu Yun.

One is field emission.

The second is to build a semiconductor photocathode, which contains telluride, antimonide and III-V compound.

Then we can get a super-fine grating to get it done.

The third is to set up a multiple combination link to screen out advective electrons.

This is also the reason why it is difficult for you to see the video of the electronic double-slit interference experiment in later generations-if you don’t believe me, if you search the Internet, almost all you see are demonstration animations or one or two pictures.

In demonstration animations and textbooks, only the imaging screen is generally captured. The emission source looks like an electron gun in biubiubiu, and the experimental area may not be as large as a public toilet.

But in fact, to do this experiment, accelerators and even other instruments that need to be highly confidential must be used.

Of course.

This cannot be said to be negligence or a bug like Baidu Encyclopedia.

Mainly for high school students, the link of generating advective electrons is esoteric and unnecessary, and it belongs to advanced professional knowledge.

So naturally it is simplified.

And in the era of 1850.

The second possibility is directly ruled out. The first difficulty is slightly lower, but it is a bit downshifted as the finale.

So under the 'helpless'.

Xu Yun could only choose the third option.

That is, hand rubbing an accelerator.

Xu Yun in his previous life was not admitted to the junior class of HKUST, but became an ordinary HKUST university student with a normal score.

My major is Particle Physics and Nuclear Physics from the Department of Modern Physics.

It is not difficult to see from this major that this is a subject that often deals with the microcosm.

Like the ATLAS and ALICE experiments on the Large Hadron Collider at CERN, the STAR experiment on the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider at the Brookhaven National Laboratory across the sea, and the experiment on the dark matter particle detection satellite DAMPE, also known as Wukong——

Xu Yun didn't even participate in it.

cough cough

However, Xu Yun has participated in the Belle experiment, the acquisition of data at the Daya Bay Neutrino Laboratory, the experiment of the Yanjing Electron Positron Collider BEPCII, etc.

Now Xu Yun has personally used KEKB, the predecessor of Neon's asymmetric electron-positron collider called SuperKEKB.

Ordinary.jpg.

It's a pity that the concepts of the super magic device and the CEPC were not proposed at that time, otherwise he reckoned that he could get some buffs.

In his previous life, Xu Yun had dealt with accelerators or accelerators of all sizes for seven or eight years, so he naturally knew how to assemble an extremely cheap beggar's version of a particle accelerator.

However, considering that this is a logical flow novel, here are some additional information:

The first cyclotron in human history appeared in 1930, with an energy of 1MeV.

And the craftsmanship to make it is actually about 1900 level.

And mentioned earlier.

Due to Mavericks, the manufacturing level of this copy, especially in optical instruments, is also close to that of 1900.

For example, the exchange rate conversion is calculated based on the year 1900.

In other words, in terms of instruments, the difference between the two eras is not very far, the key lies in the difference in the theoretical system of knowledge.

And this is precisely the advantage of Xu Yun, a traverser.

Secondly.

It is the same engine that Xu Yun made in the 1100 copy.

The core logic principle of this beggar version of the accelerator is still that it only needs to deal with a few experiments, which means that it can be scrapped after finishing the tinkering tonight.

Long-term stability need not be considered.

I don't know how many times it has been loosened in many links.

In the later generations, some people even sold the graduation project of self-made accelerators, about 5,000 yuan.

Students who have made their own accelerators or were accelerators in their previous lives should know this.

There are several difficulties in the design of accelerators:

1. What kind of accelerator will be used? Straight line or roundabout?

2. Which charged particles do you want to use?

3. How to gather the particle beam?

4. How much voltage can be used to accelerate?

5. How to detect accelerated particles?

6. How to reduce the energy loss of particles in the air?

Of the six questions, the first link is obviously the easiest.

Because Xu Yun only needs to produce advective electrons, which are one of the simplest particles, and their magnitude is frighteningly low.

So it doesn't matter if it's a straight line or a roundabout or even compounded together.

For example, the Beggar’s Accelerator designed by Xu Yun has a composite appearance, one side of which is a circular iron box with a diameter of about 1.5 meters and a height of about half a Pandora.

The outside of the iron box is connected to a 100-meter-long channel, with an interference imaging plate placed at the end.

Probably something like this:

O→I, that I is the imaging plate.

The principle of this accelerator is very simple:

The vortex electric field generated by electromagnetic induction is used to accelerate the magnetic flux, which is roughly similar to the shot put in the Olympic Games, and the ball is thrown out when it is rotated to a suitable position.

The more turns you make.

The greater the kinetic energy given to the 'shot put'.

Then the easiest ones are the four questions 2, 4, 5, and 6.

The DIY process of later generations generally looks like this:

Go online and buy an ionization sensing smoke alarm by yourself - there is americium-241 in it, which is a very safe particle source.

Coupled with the CMOS image sensor in the digital camera as a detector, as well as a pressure cooker and a vacuum pump, these links can be done.

The whole set cost about 8000 or so.

And Xu Yun this time

That would be much simpler.

What he needs to accelerate are electrons, and the detector is naturally a sensor screen—now that the vacuum tube has been produced by Xu Yun, the sensor screen is no longer a problem.

The voltage is in charge of the University of Cambridge, and the voltage of the Rumkov coil must be sufficient anyway.

As for reducing energy loss

"As you can see, the inner wall structure of this accelerator, I call it the inner wall of the beam tube."

Next to the beggar version of the accelerator.

Xu Yun first knocked on its silver aluminum casing, making a thumping sound.

Another small opening was opened from the side, revealing the interior:

"The beam tube is mainly used to ensure a high internal vacuum, so the selection of the beam tube material requires a low outgassing rate and a relative magnetic permeability close to 1."

"This concept is similar to a vacuum tube, Professor Faraday, you should be familiar with it."

Faraday, who rushed from his seat to the side of the accelerator, took a few glances and nodded slightly.

The magnetic permeability in the original timeline would not be proposed until 1885, but now under the influence of Mavericks in this copy, the magnetic permeability was also born in advance. (see Chapter 295)

So now that Xu Yun explained it this way, Faraday followed his train of thought.

Then Xu Yun took out a few things from a box on the ground, which were the beryllium tubes and other things that Aveline had asked to build:

"This is a beryllium tube, it can seal the vacuum, and at the same time, it can also ensure that the electrons of the gadgets will have unnecessary effects after hitting the inner wall-but be careful, everyone, the beryllium tube is highly toxic and carcinogenic, we can only use it Put it in a glass and observe it, but you can’t get started.”

"This one is a hollow solenoid containing zinc-doped ferrite, which can form a porous structure because it creates a temporary storage ring."

"The one on the right is a cone of pure molybdenum, which slows down the growth rate after the number of electrons increases."

while explaining.

Xu Yun also took out a schematic diagram that had been prepared long ago, and conducted more intuitive science popularization through the diagram.

After listening to Xu Yun's introduction carefully, Faraday took the schematic diagram and looked at it for a while.

After a moment of silence, he looked at the 100-meter-long dragon in front of him again, and asked:

"Student Luo Feng, how many electrons can this accelerator emit in one second?"

Xu Yun thought for a while and said:

"About a thousand or so."

His design is based on the aforementioned 2011 proposal by a research team in the physics department at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln.

That is doi.org/10.1088/1367-2630/15/3/033018.

The scheme starts with two cathode ray guns firing at each other, where electrons are deflected after passing through a pre-set electrode.

Then go through the control electrode screening, followed by the pre-set zinc plate——

photoelectric effect. (It’s killing me, all the materials for the photoelectric effect are prepared for this chapter)

In the photoelectric effect light, an atom will generate a photon and generate a free electron, and the total number can be counted if the number is controlled.

The scientific community in 1850 did not understand this energy level, but any student of big things in later generations can calculate it.

Assume that there is a group of particles and the group of particles fully exchange kinetic energy with each other to reach an equilibrium state.

Then the kinetic energy of these particles will satisfy the Boltzmann distribution.

That is EK=3/2kT, where T is the temperature.

After calculating the kinetic energy, everything is very simple.

Just install another metal ring and apply a negative voltage. Since the electrons are also negatively charged, adjusting the voltage on this electrode can slow down the electrons and screen out some electrons that deflect in the wrong direction.

Some electrons don't have enough kinetic energy, so they just turn around and go back.

These electrons are stored in an air-core solenoid containing zinc-doped ferrite, and can be re-deflected to become electrons that can be emitted again.

After such screening, phased multi-electron emission can be achieved.

As long as you have your hands.JPG.

Of course.

Due to the problem of precision, Xu Yun certainly cannot guarantee that only one electron is emitted each time.

But it is not difficult for an electron to pass through the accelerator at an average speed of one millisecond, which is what Xu Yun said that 1,000 electrons that meet the requirements hit the picture plate in one second.

The line of sight returns to the original place.

Faraday touched the shell of the accelerator, tapping his fingers rhythmically on it.

For some reason, he has an inexplicable liking for this smooth silver aluminum exterior.

After a while, Faraday suddenly thought of something again, stopped his fingers, and continued to ask Xu Yun:

"Student Luo Feng, I almost understand the principle of what you said, but there is one thing I still don't want to understand."

"The design you mentioned seems to only select electrons with the same direction and speed, but how can you bring them together?"

Xu Yun was taken aback for a moment.

After recovering, a sigh appeared in my heart again.

Worthy of being a professional boss

Students who are still dizzy after seeing this should still remember.

Among the six points raised above, there is still a link that has not given an answer.

That is the third point:

How to focus particle beams.

After all, after having a particle source, the problem of beam focusing needs to be considered.

If you don't focus, it may take a long time to produce experimental results.

Seeing Faraday with a curious face, Xu Yun took out a silver-white metal block from the storage box again:

"Professor Faraday, rely on this."

The metal block that Xu Yun took out was different from the sealed beryllium tube, indicating that it could be manipulated.

So Faraday took the metal block from Xu Yun's hand trustingly, and looked at it carefully.

This metal block looks square and square, about the size of a palm, but it feels a little strange after you hold it.

soft?

Faraday tentatively squeezed the metal block with his thumb, and let out a soft snort:

"Huh? This is."

I saw him digging in his pocket, took out a small iron piece that he carried with him, and gently placed it three centimeters below the metal block.

soon.

Snapped--

The iron piece was quickly attracted to the metal block.

See this situation.

Faraday looked at Xu Yun again, and asked tentatively:

"This is... a metal pole?"

Xu Yun nodded, gave him a thumbs up, and added:

"To be precise, it's a rare earth magnet."

In later generations of large-scale particle accelerators, superconducting quadrupole magnets are usually used to focus the beam.

But right now Xu Yun's particle kinetic energy is very small, so he asked Avelyn to tinker with a rare earth magnet.

The magnetic quadrupole composed of rare earth magnets is one of the best obtained magnetic quadrupoles, and the effect on focusing low-energy particles is so good that it is amazing.

In later generations, there was a neon man named Michio Kaku, the author of "Beyond Time and Space", who made his own accelerator when he was in middle school.

And the beam focusing tool used in his accelerator uses rare earth magnets.

With the help of rare-earth magnets, the energy potential of advective electrons is basically pulled to its fullest.

That is to say

The materials for the electron double-slit interference experiment have been fully prepared at this time.

The rest is.

Official experiment!

Due to the high secrecy of the whole process before, only Xu Yun is able to carry out the experimental operation now.

After everything is ready.

He brought Faraday and others to the console of the beggar version, and pressed the switch—note that the imaging screen was already powered on at this time and was in the state of running detection.

Boom boom boom——

The Rumkov coil quickly went to work.

The level of refinement has not yet been reached, making the coil equipment sound like a tractor of later generations.

Then soon.

under strong voltage.

thorn thorn ～

A gas discharge began to appear in the vacuum tube, the potential barrier was broken, and a beam of cathode rays appeared.

at the same time.

Mai Mai next to Xu Yun showed the indicator, pulled the corner of Xu Yun's clothes a few times, and said to him:

"Mr. Luo Feng, look quickly, the indicator has responded!"

Xu Yun glanced at the indicator.

Nodding his head, he didn't speak.

The indicator monitors the condition of the circuit around the vacuum tube. If cathode rays appear, the indicator will inevitably change.

If something went wrong even in this link, he might as well go back to the first scene and crash into the analysis machine to death.

Immediately afterwards.

In the microscopic world that Xu Yun and others cannot see.

Shhhhhh~

The messy electrons began to advance rapidly in the vacuum tube.

They first encounter residual air molecules in the middle of the gap, and after a series of collisions, a large number of new electrons and positive and negative ions are generated.

Due to the high speed of electron movement, a large number of electrons are concentrated in the front of the forward direction.

The positive ions remain in the rear, forming a collection of electrons and positive ions inside the tube.

That is, electron collapse.

Then due to the different divisions of the ground state energy level.

The anode glow of Aston's dark zone appeared in the vacuum tube

The electrons with different momentums have completed the primary screening in the vacuum tube.

Some move on, some neutralize the ions, and some wander back and forth.

This kind of screening is even countless times more intense than the human tadpole marathon.

After a short initial screening.

The number of electrons passing through in one second is reduced to the order of 0.167x10^4—the description here is the "number" of the electron cloud concept. (Under normal circumstances, coulombs are used to describe electronics, and the numbers here are just for the convenience of intuitive reading by rare students.)

After the initial screening.

Those electrons that pass go into the accelerator.

The first thing that greets them is a cone of pure molybdenum, a balancer in the accelerator.

Under the action of the cone, the electrons shrink with a function that takes up 454 bytes when written, and will be sprayed into hydrology.

Some electrons "poured" here again.

The rest of the electrons move on to the next level:

Negatively charged metal rings.

The same sex repels each other, and the opposite sex attracts each other. Negativity and electrons quickly produce repulsion.

It's like sailing against the current.

Some electrons with insufficient power or direction are cruelly eliminated in the hollow core solenoid of zinc-doped ferrite

that's all.

Under the action of a series of pre-set 'processes'.

The number of electrons is getting smaller and smaller, but the properties are more and more stable.

In the end, it is infinitely close to the effect of field emission.

In front of this 'process' that is laid out on the bright side and can be explained by physical knowledge.

Even Georgia Terry, a civil subject, couldn't find any so-called loopholes.

Georgia Terry, Avogadro, Doppler

All of them can only wait for the result.

These gradually stabilized electrons were quickly accelerated and passed through the "double slit" that Xu Yun handed over to be polished by members of the Gewu Society.

The whole process seems long.

But in reality, it was over in just a few seconds.

in a minute.

For the first time, faint fluorescent flashes appeared on the imaging plate.

Xu Yun just stood there with everyone, quietly waiting for the result.

One minute

three minutes.

five minutes.

six minutes.

There are more and more images on the imaging plate.

However, since the operating table is more than 100 meters away from the imaging board, everyone couldn't see what the specific content looked like for a while.

After more than ten minutes.

Snapped!

Xu Yun suddenly turned off the accelerator, ordered Mai Mai to package the imaging board, and took it back to the scene immediately.

After the wheat returns.

Xu Yun gave up his position to Faraday, who was to tear open the package.

prickly——

Georgia Terry on the side rushed to the table for the first time, and suddenly burst out laughing after seeing the blueprint:

"Two bright stripes, two bright stripes!"

"According to the function of the accelerator you mentioned, the electrons are emitted one by one, so it must show two rods on the imaging board."

"This phenomenon does not prove any of your points of view, on the contrary, it verifies that the properties of light in a specific situation are fixed!"

Everyone was shocked when they heard the words, and leaned forward one after another.

really.

Only at this moment.

There are two bright long rods on the imaging board!

The two bars represent granularity, and the light and dark zebra crossings represent volatility.

This was common sense in 1850.

Then Georgia Terry turned her head and grinned at Xu Yun, revealing the back molars with a vegetable leaf attached:

"Luo Feng, you are finished, you have dug a grave for yourself!"

Looking at Georgia Terry, who was smiling like an elder of the Soul Palace, Xu Yun shook his head lightly:

"Mr. Terry, the experiment is not over yet, why are you in a hurry."

"The unlucky guy who opened champagne in the last half is still being counted by football all over the world."

finished.

Xu Yun pressed another button.

Click——

With a soft sound.

On the position of the original imaging plate, another white spar plate appeared.

Xu Yun stretched out his hand, pointed at the spar plate and said:

"As you can see, this is a nonlinear crystal plate with a scattering cross-section function."

"After the electrons hit the crystal plate, they will leave some traces on it, which has the same effect as the imaging plate."

"It's just that compared with the previous imaging plate, it can record phenomena without using electronic equipment - this has been verified by Professor Faraday."

Faraday on the side nodded cooperatively.

mentioned earlier.

Due to the deliberate distortion and exaggeration of some marketing accounts.

In electron or photon double-slit interference experiments, serious distortions have appeared in many experimental processes.

For example, the 'camera' mentioned earlier.

In the electronic double-slit interference experiment, its output is roughly like this:

Light source → double slit → imaging plate.

The cameras mentioned by those marketing accounts are located at the position of the double slits, saying that they can see the trajectory of electrons.

But actually.

At present, humans do not have any means to directly observe which slit the photon or electron has passed through.

The 'camera' here actually refers to the detection method, that is, the detection instrument located at the position of the 'imaging plate', not on the double slit at all.

If the instrument is not turned on, interference fringes appear.

When the instrument was turned on, two rods appeared.

The currently accepted explanation is that the instrument records information when it is turned on, which leads to the collapse of the particle wave function.

The wave function is a relatively complicated concept, and it can be understood as a specific "function" that forms waves.

Steel structures similar to buildings.

This function fails once it is observed, just like ice melts in sunlight.

As soon as the 'reinforced structure' collapses, the 'building' of volatility naturally disappears.

There is no wave function, so the particles show particle nature.

Photons or electrons, or any kind of microscopic particles, all conform to the above-mentioned law.

It's just different from the photon.

When the electron is not on the instrument, it is difficult for you to see its trajectory.

The photon will 'glow', if you don't turn on the instrument, just put a black board or a non-chief such as Moon See Hei behind.

But electrons are different:

It can only be 'visualized' through the electron cloud.

Therefore, under the condition of not turning on the instrument, the imaging of electrons is more difficult, and some other methods have to be considered.

What Xu Yun used this time is the more common lattice method in later generations.

In a periodic lattice, relativistic or non-relativistic electrons will broaden their energy bands due to lattice periodic modulation.

After the electrons pass through its scattering cross-section, some black traces will appear, and angle-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy has been developed in later generations.

Strictly speaking, this method examines the excited energy bands.

It's like a meteorite hitting a big crater after it fell on the ground. The energy, speed, and size of the meteorite can be deduced through the conditions of these craters, which is substantially different from seeing the meteorite directly.

But in the physics world in 1850, it was fine to say that it could detect electrons.

Fudge is over.

Looking at the new things Xu Yun tinkered with.

Georgia Terry snorted again, put his hands behind his back, and stopped talking in a very stylish manner.

At this moment, he felt like a fisherman who caught a big fish. The fish was struggling for the last time, and he just had to slip the fish.

After replacing the crystal plate.

Xu Yun pressed the switch again.

Boom boom boom——

Still the exact same process as before.

coil power generation,

electronic generation,

filter,

accelerate.

There was silence at the scene, and everyone was waiting for the final result.

after awhile.

Georgia Terry couldn't help but glanced at the pocket watch in his hand, secretly counting the time when the fish took the bait:

"Twelve minutes to go."

There was also a trace of tension and solemnity on the faces of Mai Mai and Lao Tang.

Only Evelyn remained calm, not knowing what she was thinking.

Gradually.

Some small black dots began to appear on the spar plate.

After more than ten minutes.

Xu Yun turned off the accelerator and still asked Mai Mai to bring the crystal plate back.

Three minutes later.

Tired like the old Su's donkey, Maimai ran back with the crystal board on his shoulders.

As soon as the crystal plate was on the table, Georgia Terry rushed up again impatiently:

"Aha, Luo Feng, let me see how you talk this time."

As a result, the voice did not fall.

Georgia Terry's rampant expression instantly froze on his face, his pupils widened.

After a few seconds.

An exclamation resounded through the scene:

"How is this possible?!"

I saw the crystal plate in front of Georgia Terry.

There are many lines of light and dark.

zebra crossing!

That is to say

Under the same experimental procedure, the light (electron) unexpectedly exhibits two properties at the output end! ! !