Into Unscientific

"."

After writing the word 'solution'.

Xu Yun put down his pen and stood aside with his hands in his hands.

Well-behaved.JPG.

He is not the protagonist of the Analytical Engine session tonight, but Babbage and Gauss, and this is their stage.

After Xu Yun stepped aside.

Gauss took Riemann and Wheat to the table step by step.

Every time Gauss took a step, his spirits lifted.

When it came to the table.

This little old man who is over seventy years old has long since lost the slightest sign of his earlier depression.

The whole person is as energetic as if he had eaten a Snickers bar, and his whole body is full of vitality that has never been seen before.

He has been preparing for this day for a long time. In order to ensure that he has enough energy for calculations today, he even declined outsiders' visits a week ago.

Except for Xu Yun, Riemann, and Mai, no one saw Gauss in the past week.

Do not know why.

Looking at Gao Si at this time, Xu Yun suddenly thought of Tong Hu, Zilong's master in "Saint Seiya".

The Libra golden saint was ordered by Athena to monitor the 108 underworld fighters, so he sat on the Wulao Peak of Mount Lu all the year round.

At the same time, Tong Hu learned Athena's technique of feigning the death of the gods, in order to be able to unleash his strongest fighting power at critical moments in the final battle.

At this time, Gauss has cultivated his spirit for a year, just to have the most perfect state tonight!

And just when Xu Yun's brain hole opened.

Gauss also just walked to the table, picked up the pen without hesitation, and wrote down a line of formula:

du/dθ+u =GM/h+(3GM/C)u

△Φ=6πM/L

dx^a/dS=-￡aik(dx^i/dS)(dx^k/dS).

Students with good memory must have seen it.

These three formulas are exactly the geodesic equations of the second-order asymptotic solution of the general theory of relativity, the precession angle equation, and the weak-field low-velocity approximation theory given by Xu Yun in the night of Pluto.

After all, the scientific community's understanding of planets these days is still only in the category of first-level asymptotic solutions.

Although Gauss and Laplace have established perturbation theory, there is still a certain distance from the concept of 'perturbation method'.

And even the first-order asymptotic solution given by the perturbation method is still somewhat imprecise in the planetary problem.

Therefore, Xu Yun had no choice but to take out the second-level asymptotic solution after Pluto's Night.

Without a second-order asymptotic solution, even Gauss cannot calculate the orbits of trans-Neptunian objects.

Then the next second.

Gauss then wrote down another formula:

du/dθ+u=-kAθcos(θ+h).

x=u-1+2e^(-2u+2)-10ve^(-4u+4)

Xu Yun was taken aback for a moment.

mentioned earlier.

In the past whole year, although Gauss had no reservations about Xu Yun in terms of teaching, he sincerely regarded him and Mai Mai as close disciples.

But on the other hand.

Gauss never told anyone about his progress on the second-order asymptotic solution.

Even Riemann, who was responsible for taking care of Gauss's daily life, was completely blank about this.

This is also one of the two reasons why Xu Yun is not sure whether he can find Planet X:

He did not know how far Gauss had been derived mathematically.

The two-level progressive solution can be divided into four stages, each stage has different assistance to the star-seeking work, and the final probability caused by different progress is also different.

It's not a good thing to say.

If Gauss' research only stays at the asymptotic solution given by Xu Yun.

Then tonight's star-seeking mission can be washed and slept, and the seller of the analytical machine will show off.

Another reason why Xu Yun was not sure was that planet X was too far away, even if he calculated the formula, he might not be able to find the target.

But now it seems

Gauss has calculated the special solution of a small amount of accumulation for the most time?

That's good news.

This formula was quickly passed on to the audience of big bosses on the side.

Today's guests cover a wide range of majors, including physicists, chemists, biologists and even writers. Not everyone can understand the content of this formula.

Therefore, in the face of this formula, everyone reacts differently.

Some people looked blank.

Some pretend to be reserved and show disdain.

Some people are shocked!

About half a minute later.

Finally, a guest from abroad couldn't sit still.

He got up and apologized to Prince Albert, then walked quickly towards the venue.

this person is called

Augustin Louis Cauchy.

Then came the second guy, from England.

Arthur Kelley

then the third

the fourth.

Their names are:

De Morgan.

Poncelet.

Hamilton.

If you observe carefully, you will find that these mathematicians who couldn't help but walk into the field all have good reputations in the local timeline.

You may not be able to tell their specific contributions or achievements, but you must have heard their names more or less.

In fact, this is not difficult to understand.

The second-level asymptotic solution written by Gauss is advanced from the perturbation theory. If you are not a mathematician in the world, you will never see its meaning.

Therefore, the more top-notch the boss, the more he couldn't help the excitement in his heart at this time.

Among these people, Xu Yun also met a heavyweight guest who should have passed away through the mouth of Aveline:

Simone Denis Poisson.

That's right, in the original timeline, he was the unlucky guy who was passively 'marked in history' because he was slapped in the face by Fresnel.

In the original history, Poisson was depressed after being slapped in the face by Fresnel, and finally died of mental illness in 1840.

But now in this timeline, the discoverer of Poisson's bright spot has become Mavericks, and this bright spot has been renamed as Newton's bright spot.

Poisson escaped the catastrophe without knowing it, but he has survived until now

After coming to Gauss.

These big guys had a tacit understanding and didn't talk about it, but quietly watched Gauss write the formula.

Gauss, as if he didn't notice the people around him, picked up his pen again and continued writing:

"Let u=u0+Xu1+X2u2+..."

"du0/dθ+u0=k"

"Then du1dθ+u1=2kAsin(θ+h)"

"When u=5, ignore O in the asymptotic solution and substitute it as a first-order approximation into the correction term"

The open space on this side was silent at this time, only the sound of Gaussian pen rubbing against the calculation paper rustled.

All the top mathematicians are like ordinary students, standing aside and listening to the class respectfully.

After more than ten minutes.

Gauss took a deep breath and wrote down a final formula on the calculation paper:

u*= u*21+ u*22=49kAcos(θ+h)+13kAθsin(θ+h)-kA/4θcos(θ+h)-kA/4θsin(θ+h)+θ〔a1cos(θ+h )+ b1sin(θ+h)〕.

Look at this final form.

Xu Yun's heart skipped a beat in an instant.

His eyes were wide open, and a sentence came to his lips subconsciously, and he almost couldn't help blurting it out.

This is not because of his lack of concentration, but because of the equation written down by Gauss.

It's too amazing!

After recovering.

He rubbed his eyes funny, and looked at the formula again.

The content remains the same.

Seeing this, Xu Yun opened his mouth and put his right hand in front of him.

I saw my girlfriend was trembling slightly at this moment

Xu Yun has no impression of the specific value of this formula, but he is not unfamiliar with the expression of this formula:

The form of this formula is almost identical to the general formula of ring system celestial bodies derived by the Spanish astronomer Ortiz's team through occultation observations in 2017 with the assistance of the Barcelona Supercomputing Center (BSC)!

The doi of that article is org/10.1038/nature24051, published in the journal "Nature", and it is also the most accurate general formula as of September 14, 2022! (I calculated this paper with the DE421 version in the jpl precision ephemeris of sd.jpl.nasa.gov. The basic idea is to use Kepler’s flat root number analysis and extrapolation, considering the root number over time. The change, approximated to the t item, has been tried to be reasonable.)

At the same time it is worth mentioning that.

BSC's supercomputer is called Odin, which is the name in Nordic mythology.

God King Odin.

In other words.

in 1851.

Gauss, a 74-year-old dying little old man

With a mortal body, he can stand shoulder to shoulder with a god!

Looking at Gauss who was slowly writing on the paper, Xu Yun's mind reappeared the words of Gauss at the beginning:

"I don't perform miracles, because I am a miracle."

Xu Yun didn't know how much effort Gauss put into calculating this formula, and it was no longer necessary to mention it at this moment.

All descriptions of his efforts are not as intuitive as the fifteen centimeters long formula at the moment.

this moment.

The light of human beings on the ground is shining brighter than thousands of stars in the sky.

After writing this formula.

Gauss handed the piece of paper to Riemann and ordered:

"Bornhard, please give it to Mr. Charles—by the way, Cosey and Gloria are just in time, let's help recheck the data together."

Cauchy, Cayley, and several other mathematicians looked at each other, with question marks on their faces:

"?"

Mom? !

We just came here to watch the calculation process, why were we arrested in the blink of an eye?

But a few seconds passed.

Ke Xi still sighed slightly, resigned to his fate and said:

"That's all, Friedrich, let's give you a coolie."

Gloria, Poncelie and the others also nodded.

Gauss's deduction process brought them a lot of new ideas, and even broke the long-standing bottleneck of some people, which made them enlightened.

To describe it in the terms of fantasy novels, it is enlightenment!

Therefore, it is not a problem to let these bigwigs be tool people for a while.

Riemann quickly handed over the formula to Babbage, and Ada, the first programmer in human history, entered the relevant content.

at the same time.

George Biddle Airy, director of the Greenwich Observatory at the time, also brought his men down to Xu Yun's side, and opened boxes of observation records one by one.

These observation records are all starry sky observation records written by Gauss and Faraday after the end of Pluto's night and entrusted to observatories of various countries.

in return or as a price.

Gauss and others "paid" the structural drawings of the Schmidt telescope to major observatories.

Xu Yun had no opinion on this.

After all, the Schmidt Telescope is different from the other equipment he brought out, and this thing actually does not have a particularly significant role in promoting the level of technology—at most, it allows humans to observe some stars in advance.

This year is not the year 1100 AD that Lao Su used to have.

At that time, Lao Su didn't even have the most common telescopes, so it was of great significance to be able to observe the starry sky.

At this point in 1851, the Schmidt telescope was at most useful in certain situations.

For example, Dashen and Eris were discovered decades in advance, so the meaning is the same. At most, Pluto was removed from the nine planets earlier.

Anyway, Pluto has no objection, does it?

As soon as the space radio telescope comes out, the status of the Schmidt telescope will be rapidly reduced.

Unless the astronomical community can use this to discover aliens, it will be the least helpful thing in the history of science and technology among all the technologies that Xu Yun has come up with.

"Student Luo Feng."

After coming to Xu Yun, George Biddle Airy pointed to the box and introduced to him:

"In the past year, in addition to the major European observatories, we have also persuaded five observatories in the Americas to cooperate, and the total number of participating institutions has reached 22."

"Each observatory will take at least three photos a day, and with the full observation of our Greenwich Observatory, the image records in the box are as many as 25,000."

"Good guy, are there so many?"

Xu Yun was slightly taken aback when he heard the words, and quickly thanked George Biddle Alley after recovering:

"Thank you very much, Mr. Airy."

These days are not like later generations, the cost of photos... or film is very high.

Even for an official institution like the Observatory, the cost of a photo is around 0.1 pounds.

Calculated according to the previous exchange rate, it is equivalent to between 90 and 100 yuan in later generations.

Therefore, in Xu Yun's previous estimate.

It is very rare for an observatory to be able to take a record every day.

It turned out that these observatories were so powerful that they took so many observation records in a year.

These observation records are combined with the analysis machine, Gaussian formula and the latest tool man team.

Basically, it can be said that the 'personnel' aspect has been exhausted to the extreme.

The rest is.

I know my destiny.

The observation records in this box were quickly distributed to the table, and the toolman team started the coordinate conversion.

The converted coordinates are input into the analysis machine, and the calculation of the least square method is performed.

The magnitude used by Gauss on the night of Pluto is the 8th power, that is:

L=(L0+L1*τ+L2*τ^2 +L3*τ^3+L4*τ^4 L8*τ^8)/10^8.

But this time with the assistance of the analysis engine, Gauss went directly to the .

Seventeenth power!

Of course.

A large part of the reason for this accuracy is that the maximum change in orbital longitude will not exceed 1, and generally fluctuate around 0.1-0.4.

For example, 0.412 to the 17th power is 0.000000283957.

0.13 to the 17th power is 0.00000000000000008650415919381338.

Although these numbers are large, they are all within the order of the analytical machine.

If it is replaced with other larger or smaller numbers, then the 17th power operation will exceed the computing power.

Later generations generally use 50-70 powers to calculate planetary orbits, and more professional teams—such as the Pluto killer Mike Brown—basically use the order of 120+.

See here.

Some students may feel strange:

its not right.

Why can the calculator on my mobile phone and the calculator I searched casually on Baidu can calculate the result of tens of powers?

This is the super calculation ability?

This involves a concept, that is, scientific notation.

At present, most computers on the market have a calculation upper limit. After exceeding this magnitude, a certain number will be expressed as a multiplied by the nth power of 10.

For example, 19971400000000=1.99714×10^13, calculators or computers usually use E or e to express the power of 10.

That is 1.99714E13 and so on

The power multipliers used in modern supercomputing calculations are basically accurate to 10 or more decimal places.

For example, 0.4556456112 to the 50th power and so on.

If this kind of calculation is not suitable for supercomputing, it is difficult for ordinary computers or calculators to achieve accurate results, which are basically approximate numbers.

Useless knowledge adds another .JPG.

The calculation executors of the star-seeking project are Gauss and Babbage, so after the calculation started, Xu Yun moved to today's "second venue".

That is, the open space of Michelson-Morley's experiment.

This moment.

Influenced by Cauchy et al.

Many physicists couldn't help but leave the stands, and came to the side of the interferometer to watch the excitement.

Compared with the quietness on the analyzer side, the area near the interferometer is much more lively.

However, this excitement is not festive, but with

Extremely strong hostility.

"Hey, Oriental boy!"

As soon as Xu Yun showed up, a young man ran up aggressively and looked at him unkindly:

"Damn Dongfang boy, I heard that you have been preaching that the ether does not exist recently?"

Looking at this young man who seemed to say "God, I must kick your ass hard" in the next second, Xu Yun blinked:

"Yes, it's me. What's the matter, sir?"

The young man froze for two seconds, and then cried out with a groan:

"God, I'm gonna kick your ass hard!!"

Xu Yun:

"?"

Really come?

However, before the young man could make a move, he was stopped by the people around him, and he was quickly taken aside.

After a while.

Another middle-aged man who looked a bit like Charlie Liu in "Detective Di Renjie" came up:

"Student Luo Feng, right? Although Anderson's behavior is a bit rude, as a student at Cambridge University, it's a bit too shocking for you to say such a remark."

"especially"

Speaking of which, the middle-aged man turned his head and glanced at Avelyn not far away:

"You have also led Sir Newton's descendants to this fork. After you die, what face will you have to meet Sir Newton and your fat fish ancestors under the nine springs?"

It is clear.

Is this also a stressful old man or a stressed old man?

Then Xu Yun thought about it and asked him:

"This gentleman, don't know how to address him?"

The middle-aged man puffed out his chest and announced a name:

"Rudolph Julius Emmanuel Clausius."

"Clausius?"

Xu Yun repeated the name, and quickly locked the target in his mind.

Rudolph Julius Emmanuel Clausius.

Germans, one of the main founders of thermodynamics, to be honest, they are 3/4 big guys.

The concept of "entropy" that often appears in later science fiction novels was proposed by him a few years later.

Even at the end of the 19th century, the unit of entropy was "Clausius", symbol Cl.

This is also a well-known Mavericks fan in history, but he is a bit more normal than Doppler, and he can be regarded as a figure party.

More than 30 of Maverick's own letters extant in Newton's Personal Museum at Cambridge University were donated by Clausius after his death.

In 1857 a corner of the Mavericks' former home collapsed, and Clausius donated £500 the next day.

at the same time.

Clausius is also a standard classical nobleman:

His father is a primary school principal in Köslin, Pomerania. He has the title of baron, and the family business has spread all over Europe.

Although he had studied at the University of Berlin, he had even been a classmate with Dirichlet for a while.

But out of support for classical disciplines, he chose to go alone in the end.

no doubt.

This is a standard doctrinaire—at best, he is more capable than other keyboard warriors.

However, considering that Clausius later introduced various concepts into the gas movement model he studied, and deduced the development of modern science non-subjectively, Xu Yun still decided to maintain some respect for him:

"Mr. Clausius, how do you know that such a substance as ether must exist?"

Clausius looked at him seriously, and replied without hesitation:

"Because this is the concept proposed by Sir Newton."

"."

Xu Yun opened his mouth, but stopped talking.

what are you talking about

Looking at the resolute Clausius, Xu Yun inexplicably thought of some fans of Fengfeng and Fanfan that he had seen on the Internet in his previous life.

Idiots really can't communicate

So Xu Yun sighed and decided to change his thinking.

I saw him spreading his hands, and said simply and neatly:

"Mr. Clausius, whether you believe that the ether does not exist or not, the current situation is not suitable for flirting or talking."

"There are so many big bosses and Prince Albert watching outside. If you want to stop me, why don't you go and talk to them?"

"Besides, the idea of ​​this experiment is simple and clear. If the interference fringes really shift, doesn't it mean that the ether exists, am I wrong?"

"In that case, what are you afraid of?"

Clausius was silent for a long time without speaking.

The second half of Xu Yun's sentence really touched his contradiction.

As a fanatic of the Mavericks, Clausius naturally believed in the existence of the ether unconditionally, and the Mavericks could never be wrong.

But on the other hand

Xu Yun's formation during this period is indeed quite scary:

Although Xu Yun himself didn't feel much, but with the publication of Faraday and others' papers that shocked the scientific world, he, a descendant of fat fish, naturally appeared in the public eye.

Fat fish in history once corrected Maverick’s erroneous cognition in optics, which directly led to the concept that light has wave-particle duality.

The same is true for the absolute space-time concept.

Thus including Clausius.

Many Mavericks fanatics have a subconscious idea that even they don't believe in, but it is also real:

just in case

Xu Yun really inherited some of Fat Yu's knowledge, can he really overthrow the theory of ether?

Then what about the Mavericks?

Think here.

Goosebumps appeared on Clausius' arms.

However, as Xu Yun said.

Right now, Prince Albert is sitting in the auditorium not far away. The presence of the uncrowned king of the British Peninsula can be regarded as guaranteeing the normal progress of tonight's experiment to a certain extent.

I don't know if he came here on a whim to watch the excitement, or came to sit in Cambridge on purpose?

Looking at Clausius who kept silent, Xu Yun was slightly relieved.

Fanatic fans are temporarily over.

So he passed Clausius and walked quickly to Lao Tang standing near the light source:

"Mr Thomson, is everything all right?"

Lao Tang gave him a thumbs up, indicating that the situation is good:

"Well, everything is normal, no one has come to do anything."

Xu Yun nodded, and looked playfully at the auditorium in the distance:

"OK, let's start the experiment."

Lao Tang immediately turned around when he heard the words, and shouted in several directions not far away:

"Maxwell! Stanley! Airy! Werner! All in place! The interferometer experiment is ready to begin!"

brush--

Mai and the others, who had been waiting in their positions for a long time, got up quickly and stood at several corners of the interferometer according to the pre-arranged positions.

The volume of the interferometer is very large, and under the main body is a closed pool similar to a sink.

The pool is filled with mercury to ensure the balance of the interferometer.

After everything is ready.

Xu Yun pressed the start button of the light source.

call out--

In an instant.

The sodium lamp in the light source container is activated.

A bright light shot out from it quickly and hit the spectroscope straight.

Under the action of the beam splitter, the light is quickly split into two.

At the beginning, Xu Yun was in the graphic presentation on the blackboard.

The light source shines from left to right, and the direction of light travel is the right and the top.

But now it's changed to the real situation, and the orientation has become west, east and north.

The two beams of light quickly return to the beam splitter after passing through the mirror.

Less than a few seconds.

A clear interference pattern was displayed on the observation screen to the south.

at the same time.

Announcements soon sounded from several directions:

"Senior Thomson, the M1 reflection is complete, and the rotation angle is 0!"

"President, the reflection of M2 is completed, the arm length is 12.3!"

"Interference fringes have appeared, and the optical path is straight!"

After this step is over.

Xu Yun was not in a hurry to proceed to the next link, but invited several stressful old men, including Clausius, to the side of the observation screen.

He pointed to the interference fringes on the edge of the observation screen, and asked these pressure Lao Tzu:

"Few old men, bah, gentlemen, do you have any objections to the experimental procedure?"

Clausius turned around upon hearing this, and exchanged glances with Doppler, who had just rushed to the side of the interferometer, Qiqi shook his head:

"No."

The experimental plan that Xu Yun came up with was very mature, and they really couldn't find any loopholes.

In fact, these stressful old men discussed the relevant content long before the experiment started—that is, during the break in the auditorium. If the bug could be found, they would have jumped at the face before the experiment started.

Seeing that there was no objection from the crowd, Xu Yun waved to the side.

soon.

Avelyn came over with the paper and pen she had prepared.

Xu Yun took the paper and pen, unscrewed the pen cap very intimately, and handed it to Clausius and the others:

"In this case, can you calculate the fringe deviation that will appear after the interferometer rotates 90° as a whole according to the existence of the ether?"

Clausius and the others hesitated for a moment, took pen and paper, and began to calculate on the spot.

mentioned earlier.

According to the theory of ether theory.

When the earth is revolving around the sun, there will be an "ether wind" blowing head-on, and this speed is 30 kilometers per second.

Therefore, for the light beam 1 along the revolution direction, the propagation speeds to and from M1 are different.

Suppose the speed of the earth is v, and the distance from the beam splitter to the reflector is d.

Then the past and return speeds are c-v and c+v respectively.

Equivalent to headwind and tailwind.

The round-trip time between the two is:

d/(c-v)+d/(c+v).

But the light beam 2 is perpendicular to the rotation direction of the earth, so no matter whether it goes back or forth, it will encounter the ether wind.

Then the time is fixed:

2d/√(c-v).

In this way.

The optical path difference between beam 2 and beam 1 reaching the observation screen is:

c(d/(c-v)+d/(c+v)-2d/√(c-v)).

△l is 2dv/c.

With this data, the next step is simple math.

The number of moving stripes is then:

2x11x(1x10^-4)/(5.9x10^-7), ie

"0.37."

Looking at the value calculated by everyone, Xu Yun emphasized it again:

"Guys, that means if the ether exists, then the stripes will move by 0.37 stripe units, right?"

After everyone nods.

Xu Yun pointed to the imaging screen again and said:

"As you can see, the accuracy of our instrument is 0.5%, that is, the movement change of 1/200 stripes can be measured."

"Converting 0.37 into a percentage is 37%, and the difference between the two is huge."

"That is to say, if the stripes have moved as expected, we can definitely observe this change."

After speaking, Xu Yun suddenly stood up.

He looked at the agitated audience in the distance, raised the corner of his mouth slightly, and said to Lao Tang:

"Mr. Thomson, start changing positions!"

"clear!"

Xu Yun's voice just fell.

Lao Tang turned off the light source, came to the closed sink, and manipulated the interferometer to start turning.

The mercury in the water tank held the interferometer firmly, without any impact from the collision.

in a minute.

The interferometer rotated smoothly through ninety degrees.

Wheat and others stepped forward to make corrections:

"No problem, there is no error in the 90-degree corner!"

Xu Yun waved his hand again:

"Turn on the lights!"

Click——

Lao Tang decisively turned on the light source.

at the same time.

Clausius, Doppler and the others suddenly turned their heads and looked at the imaging plate beside them.

Only at this moment.

Interference fringes of imaging plate

Didn't move an inch.

See this situation.

Snapped--

Clausius swayed heavily, and he lost his footing and fell to the ground.

He didn't care about the coldness among his juniors, he looked blankly at the photoboard, and then at the spectroscopic mirror.

He wanted to try to find out the mistakes and omissions of this experiment, but where could there be any loopholes in such a simple experiment?

Doppler even rushed to the imaging board in a stride, shaking his head frantically:

"Impossible, this is absolutely impossible, Sir Newton is invincible!!!"

"You... You must have made a mistake somewhere, it must be!!!"

Doppler's voice spread far and far in the dark night, like a lost dog on the street with a hangover after confessing his failure.

I heard this.

Some of the already restless and impatient scholars on the audience stage couldn't sit still anymore.

I saw them stepping down from the auditorium one by one, and quickly ran towards the interferometer.

These people are not only physicists, but also a large number of aristocrats—the theory of ether is the core link of the classical system, and in a sense, it is also the key support of the aristocratic system.

In just half a minute.

The seats in the auditorium were more than half empty.

look from afar.

It seemed as if someone was queuing up and jumped down from the top floor of a building in despair.

Accompanied by shouts, there was also the sound of the building collapsing